Ocean weather, biological rates, and unexplained global ecological patterns.

As on land, oceans exhibit high temporal and spatial temperature variation. This "ocean weather" contributes to the physiological and ecological processes that ultimately determine the patterns of species distribution and abundance, yet is often unrecognized, especially in tropical oceans. Here, we tested the paradigm of temperature stability in shallow waters (<12.

Minding the gap: towards a shared clinical reasoning lexicon across the pre-clerkship/clerkship transition.

Teaching and learning of clinical reasoning are core principles of medical education. However, little guidance exists for faculty leaders to navigate curricular transitions between pre-clerkship and clerkship curricular phases. This study compares how educational leaders in these two phases understand clinical reasoning instruction.

Melting and defect transitions in FeO up to pressures of Earth's core-mantle boundary.

The high-pressure melting curve of FeO controls key aspects of Earth's deep interior and the evolution of rocky planets more broadly. However, existing melting studies on wüstite were conducted across a limited pressure range and exhibit substantial disagreement. Here we use an in-situ dual-technique approach that combines a suite of >1000 x-ray diffraction and synchrotron Mössbauer measurements to report the melting curve for FeO wüstite to pressures of Earth's lowermost mantle.

Examining undergraduate student perceptions and engagement during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The objectives of this study were to understand undergraduate students' overall experiences with the transition to remote learning and understand students' level of involvement with online and in-person campus programs at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper presents the findings from a series of library focus groups conducted with undergraduate students in the summer 2021. Findings showed that students experienced parallel benefits and challenges to that of remote learning when attending online campus programs.

Periclase deforms more slowly than bridgmanite under mantle conditions.

Transport of heat from the interior of the Earth drives convection in the mantle, which involves the deformation of solid rocks over billions of years. The lower mantle of the Earth is mostly composed of iron-bearing bridgmanite MgSiO and approximately 25% volume periclase MgO (also with some iron). It is commonly accepted that ferropericlase is weaker than bridgmanite.

The magmatic web beneath Hawai'i.

The deep magmatic architecture of the Hawaiian volcanic system is central to understanding the transport of magma from the upper mantle to the individual volcanoes. We leverage advances in earthquake monitoring with deep learning algorithms to image the structures underlying a major mantle earthquake swarm of nearly 200,000 events that rapidly accelerated after the 2018 Kīlauea caldera collapse. At depths of 36 to 43 kilometers, we resolve a 15-kilometers-long collection of near-horizontal sheeted structures that we identify as a sill complex.

Application of a Screening-Level Pollinator Risk Assessment Framework to Trisiloxane Polyether Surfactants.

Regulatory requirements exist to assess the potential impacts of pesticides on insect pollinators, but "inert," coformulants to pesticide formulations are not included in standard regulatory risk assessments. Some publications in the open literature have suggested that the agricultural uses of "inert" ingredients, including trisiloxane polyether surfactants, may result in adverse effects on pollinators. We conducted a screening-level risk assessment to evaluate the potential risk to insect pollinators, using honey bees (Apis mellifera) as a surrogate, from exposure to three trisiloxane polyether surfactants based on agricultural application scenarios following the current US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidance.

Antiviral Pharmacology: A Standardized Patient Case for Preclinical Medical Students.

Introduction: Pharmacology is an important learning topic in preclinical medical education. Simulated patient encounters allow students to apply basic science knowledge in a clinical setting and have been useful in previous studies of pharmacology education. We developed a standardized patient (SP) encounter to reinforce antiviral pharmacology content for first-year medical students.

Student, Faculty, and Coach Perspectives on Why Athletes Excel in Medical School: A Qualitative Analysis.

Medical schools are tasked with selecting applicants who will excel in a rigorous curriculum and successfully perform as future physicians. While many studies have assessed quantitative prematriculation data for predicting success in medical school, fewer studies have assessed for qualitative prematriculation factors influencing medical school performance. A recent study revealed that medical students with at least one year of varsity level college athletics participation outperformed their peers on United States Medical Licensing board exams and clinical clerkships.

Integrating the Electronic Health Record Into Patient Encounters: An Introductory Standardized Patient Exercise for Preclinical Medical Students.

Introduction: Increasingly, use of the electronic health record (EHR) is interwoven into even the most basic patient care tasks. Accordingly, learning how to utilize the EHR during patient encounters is important for medical students as they develop their clinical skills. Existing EHR curricula have focused primarily on doctor-patient relationship skills.

Kawasaki Disease and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: An Overview and Comparison.

Kawasaki disease (KD) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) are inflammatory conditions that present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to the physician. Although many of their features overlap, they are two distinct conditions. KD is a febrile illness most commonly affecting children younger than five years.

Simulation: an Innovative Approach to Engaging Preclinical Medical Students with Bioethics.

Background: Integrating bioethical concepts into preclinical medical school curriculum and engaging early medical learners in bioethics are a challenge.

Activity: A total of 140 medical students participated in a 2-h simulation activity consisting of a series of standardized patient (SP) encounters.

Results: A total of 41 of 140 students (29%) completed the learner evaluation survey.

The First Detection of an Earthquake From a Balloon Using Its Acoustic Signature.

Extreme temperature and pressure conditions on the surface of Venus present formidable technological challenges against performing ground-based seismology. Efficient coupling between the Venusian atmosphere and the solid planet theoretically allows the study of seismically generated acoustic waves using balloons in the upper atmosphere, where conditions are far more clement. However, earthquake detection from a balloon has never been demonstrated.

Perspectives on the current state of pre-clerkship clinical reasoning instruction in United States medical schools: a survey of clinical skills course directors.

Objectives: Clinical reasoning skills are essential for sound medical decision-making. Though many have suggested that clinical reasoning instruction should begin in pre-clerkship curricula, neither pre-clerkship clinical skills director perspectives nor extent of instruction is known. This survey study serves as part of a needs assessment for United States medical school pre-clerkship clinical reasoning curricula.

The influence of δ-(Al,Fe)OOH on seismic heterogeneities in Earth's lower mantle.

The high-pressure phases of oxyhydroxides (δ-AlOOH, ε-FeOOH, and their solid solution), candidate components of subducted slabs, have wide stability fields, thus potentially influencing volatile circulation and dynamics in the Earth's lower mantle. Here, we report the elastic wave velocities of δ-(Al,Fe)OOH (Fe/(Al + Fe) = 0.13, δ-Fe13) to 79 GPa, determined by nuclear resonant inelastic X-ray scattering.

Global COVID-19 lockdown highlights humans as both threats and custodians of the environment.

The global lockdown to mitigate COVID-19 pandemic health risks has altered human interactions with nature. Here, we report immediate impacts of changes in human activities on wildlife and environmental threats during the early lockdown months of 2020, based on 877 qualitative reports and 332 quantitative assessments from 89 different studies. Hundreds of reports of unusual species observations from around the world suggest that animals quickly responded to the reductions in human presence.

The Zombie Virus Pandemic: An Innovative Simulation Integrating Virology, Population Health, and Bioethics for Preclinical Medical Students.

Introduction: Understanding population health in the context of infectious disease outbreaks is an important physician competency. However, identifying effective ways to engage early medical students in this content remains a challenge. We designed an innovative pandemic simulation for first-year medical students utilizing the pop culture theme of zombies.

The Simulated Cardiology Clinic: A Standardized Patient Exercise Supporting Medical Students' Biomedical Knowledge and Clinical Skills Integration.

Introduction: Development of cardiac disease-related diagnostic skills-including hypothesis-driven data gathering, heart sound interpretation, and ECG interpretation-is an important component of medical student training. Prior studies indicate trainees' performance of these skills is limited. Simulation provides students with opportunities to practice integrating their developing knowledge in a relevant clinical context.

The Simulated Virology Clinic: A Standardized Patient Exercise for Preclinical Medical Students Supporting Basic and Clinical Science Integration.

Introduction: Virology is inherently challenging due to the sheer volume of information medical students are responsible for learning. Cognitive integration of this content is critical for early medical students to practice applying this knowledge to diagnostic problem-solving. Simulation offers learners engaging opportunities to practice cognitive integration.

The GI Simulated Clinic: A Clinical Reasoning Exercise Supporting Medical Students' Basic and Clinical Science Integration.

Introduction: Cognitive integration is required to perform clinical decision-making tasks, even in the preclinical curriculum of medical school. Simulation supports students' cognitive integration by providing practical application of basic science knowledge in a relevant clinical context. To address the need for integrative activities in our curriculum, we implemented a simulated clinic exercise with cases representing gastrointestinal diseases for first-year medical students.

Chasing Fevers: An Interactive Exercise for Pediatrics Residents on Triaging and Assessing Inpatients With Fever.

Introduction: Pediatrics residents are frequently tasked with triaging fevers in pediatric inpatients. The variety of clinical scenarios in the inpatient setting-patients with a multitude of diseases and a spectrum of risk for invasive infection-makes this task challenging. To enhance our residents' training on this topic, we developed an activity providing explicit instruction on how to approach these patient scenarios.

Medical Students' Clinical Reasoning During a Simulated Viral Pandemic: Evidence of Cognitive Integration and Insights on Novices' Approach to Diagnostic Reasoning.

Introduction: Cognitive integration from multiple disciplines is essential to clinical problem-solving. Because it is not directly observable, demonstrating evidence of learners' cognitive integration remains a challenge. In addition, little is known about preclinical medical students' approach to diagnostic reasoning despite widespread implementation of clinical reasoning curricula for these early learners.