Two-Layer Retrieval-Augmented Generation Framework for Low-Resource Medical Question Answering Using Reddit Data: Proof-of-Concept Study.

Background: The increasing use of social media to share lived and living experiences of substance use presents a unique opportunity to obtain information on side effects, use patterns, and opinions on novel psychoactive substances. However, due to the large volume of data, obtaining useful insights through natural language processing technologies such as large language models is challenging.

Objective: This paper aims to develop a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) architecture for medical question answering pertaining to clinicians' queries on emerging issues associated with health-related topics, using user-generated medical information on social media.

CARE-SD: classifier-based analysis for recognizing provider stigmatizing and doubt marker labels in electronic health records: model development and validation.

Objective: To detect and classify features of stigmatizing and biased language in intensive care electronic health records (EHRs) using natural language processing techniques.

Materials And Methods: We first created a lexicon and regular expression lists from literature-driven stem words for linguistic features of stigmatizing patient labels, doubt markers, and scare quotes within EHRs. The lexicon was further extended using Word2Vec and GPT 3.

CD47 predominates over CD24 as a macrophage immune checkpoint in cancer.

Macrophages hold tremendous promise as effectors of cancer immunotherapy, but the best strategies to provoke these cells to attack tumors remain unknown. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of targeting two distinct macrophage immune checkpoints: CD47 and CD24. We found that antibodies targeting these antigens could elicit maximal levels of phagocytosis when combined together in vitro.

Intramolecular Csp-H Activation at a Platinum(IV) Center Resulting from O Activation: The Role of a Proton-Responsive Ligand and Trans Influence.

Aerobic oxidation of a dimethylplatinum(II) complex featuring 1,1-di(2-pyridyl)ethanol as a supporting ligand leads to the formation of two unexpected Pt complexes (in ∼1:1 ratio), neither of which results from direct oxidation typical for Pt centers supported by popular κ-(,) ligands. While one product features an isomerized Pt center stabilized by the κ-(,,) ligand coordination mode, surprisingly, the other product results from intramolecular activation of the ligand methyl fragment. Mechanistic studies, reactivity of model complexes, and DFT calculations reveal that the critical proton-responsive nature of the ligand allows formation of intermediates that result in a concerted metalation deprotonation (CMD)-like C-H activation at Pt.

Emergency Department Screening and Interventions for Adolescents With Substance Use: A Narrative Review.

Background: Adolescent substance use is a growing public health concern, particularly given rising mortality rates from drug overdose deaths. The emergency department (ED) provides a unique opportunity to screen adolescents for substance use and provide brief interventions and linkage to care.

Objective Of The Review: This article provides a narrative review of the current evidence for ED screening and brief interventions for adolescents with substance use and identifies important opportunities, challenges, and areas for future research.

Colorimetric Detection of Sulfur Mustard with 4-(-Nitrobenzyl)pyridine and Its Derivatives.

In this study, we present a simple, highly sensitive, and selective colorimetric method for detecting sulfur mustard (SM) and its simulants. This method relies on a nucleophilic substitution reaction between derivatives of 4-(-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (NBP) and SM and subsequent treatment with an external base, resulting in a visible response. This reaction exhibits an impressively low detection threshold by the naked eye, as low as 10 ppm at room temperature.

Synthesis of 2-arylpyridines by the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of PyFluor with hetero(aryl) boronic acids and esters.

The Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of pyridine-2-sulfonyl fluoride (PyFluor) with hetero(aryl) boronic acids and pinacol boronic esters is reported. The reactions can be performed using Pd(dppf)Cl as the catalyst, at temperatures between 65 and 100 °C and in the presence of water and oxygen. This transformation generates 2-arylpyridines in modest to good yields (5%-89%).

Women's professional development programs for emergency physicians: A scoping review.

Background: Gender disparities in emergency medicine (EM) persist, with women underrepresented in leadership positions and faced with unique challenges, such as gender discrimination and harassment. To address these issues, professional development programs for women have been recommended.

Objectives: The purpose of this scoping review was to examine current women's professional development programs for EM and develop a collection of program characteristics, meeting topics, and tips for success that can be useful to new or existing women's professional development programs.

National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network Meeting Report: Managing Patients Exposed to Xylazine-Adulterated Opioids in Emergency, Hospital and Addiction Care Settings.

Used as a veterinary sedative and not approved for human use, xylazine has been increasingly linked with opioid overdose deaths in the United States. A growing number of people have been exposed to xylazine in the illicit opioid supply (especially fentanyl) or in other drugs, particularly in some areas of the Northeast. Xylazine is an α-2 adrenergic agonist that decreases sympathetic nervous system activity.

A Decade in Review: Trends in Female Authorship in Peer-Reviewed Toxicology Journals.

Background: Gender diversity in both emergency medicine and medical toxicology has grown over the last decade. However, disparities in promotion, awards, and speakership still exist. No studies have examined gender disparities in authorship in medical toxicology journals.

Self-reported Xylazine Experiences: A Mixed-methods Study of Reddit Subscribers.

Objectives: Xylazine is an α 2 -agonist increasingly prevalent in the illicit drug supply. Our objectives were to curate information about xylazine through social media from people who use drugs (PWUDs). Specifically, we sought to answer the following: (1) What are the demographics of Reddit subscribers reporting exposure to xylazine? (2) Is xylazine a desired additive? And (3) what adverse effects of xylazine are PWUDs experiencing?

Methods: Natural language processing (NLP) was used to identify mentions of "xylazine" from posts by Reddit subscribers who also posted on drug-related subreddits.

Barriers to opioid use disorder treatment: A comparison of self-reported information from social media with barriers found in literature.

Introduction: Medications such as buprenorphine and methadone are effective for treating opioid use disorder (OUD), but many patients face barriers related to treatment and access. We analyzed two sources of data-social media and published literature-to categorize and quantify such barriers.

Methods: In this mixed methods study, we analyzed social media (Reddit) posts from three OUD-related forums (subreddits): r/suboxone, r/Methadone, and r/naltrexone.

Self-reported Xylazine Experiences: A Mixed Methods Study of Reddit Subscribers.

Objectives: Xylazine is an alpha-2 agonist increasingly prevalent in the illicit drug supply. Our objectives were to curate information about xylazine through social media from People Who Use Drugs (PWUDs). Specifically, we sought to answer the following: 1) what are the demographics of Reddit subscribers reporting exposure to xylazine? 2) is xylazine a desired additive? and 3) what adverse effects of xylazine are PWUDs experiencing?

Methods: Natural Language Processing (NLP) was used to identify mentions of "xylazine" from posts by Reddit subscribers who also posted on drug-related subreddits.

Investigating the mechanism of Ni-mediated trifluoromethylthiolation of aryl halides using AgSCF.

The mechanism of the Ni-catalysed trifluoromethylthiolation of aryl chlorides using AgSCF is studied herein. A variety of IPr Ni complexes were synthesized oxidative addition of Ni to 2-(2-chloro)phenylpyridines. Their reactivity with AgSCF was tested by performing stoichiometric experiments, cyclic voltammetry, and NMR spectroscopic studies.

Can accurate demographic information about people who use prescription medications nonmedically be derived from Twitter?

Traditional substance use (SU) surveillance methods, such as surveys, incur substantial lags. Due to the continuously evolving trends in SU, insights obtained via such methods are often outdated. Social media-based sources have been proposed for obtaining timely insights, but methods leveraging such data cannot typically provide fine-grained statistics about subpopulations, unlike traditional approaches.

Combined modelling of mRNA decay dynamics and single-molecule imaging in the Drosophila embryo uncovers a role for P-bodies in 5' to 3' degradation.

Regulation of mRNA degradation is critical for a diverse array of cellular processes and developmental cell fate decisions. Many methods for determining mRNA half-lives rely on transcriptional inhibition or metabolic labelling. Here, we use a non-invasive method for estimating half-lives for hundreds of mRNAs in the early Drosophila embryo.

WOMen profEssioNal developmenT oUtcome Metrics in Academic Emergency Medicine: Results from the WOMENTUM Modified Delphi Study.

Introduction: To address persistent gender inequities in academic medicine, women professional development groups (PDG) have been developed to support the advancement of women in medicine. While these programs have shown promising outcomes, long-term evaluative metrics do not currently exist. The objective of this study was to establish metrics to assess women's PDGs.