Practice transformation starts in the classroom: Mapping practice change learning in a PharmD program.

Objective: As the profession of pharmacy continues to evolve, it is important to integrate pharmacy practice change learning into the Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) curriculum. The objective of this project was to evaluate how pharmacy practice change was being taught within a PharmD curriculum and to identify strategies for improvement.

Methods: The College of Pharmacy's PharmD Curricular Leadership Committee (PDCLC) developed a definition for practice change learning and assembled a team of faculty experts to map practice change to the PharmD curriculum.

Evaluation of Cocurricular Learning and the Influence of Student Choice.

Objective: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the students' choice of activities and perception of a cocurricular program (CCP). Attitude and skill development and areas for program improvement were also assessed.

Methods: Data were evaluated from 2 sources: a student survey administered to all Doctor of Pharmacy students to determine student perceptions of the CCP and barriers to success and student activity reporting data from postexperience submissions to evaluate the CCP.

Defining, capturing, and validating pharmacists' patient profile reviews in the electronic medical record.

Purpose: To describe the implementation and validation of a novel patient profile review tool in the electronic medical record (EMR) at an academic medical center.

Summary: Pharmacy leaders at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center aspired to develop a data-driven approach to clinical pharmacy services. The initial phase of this vision highlighted a need to define the clinical activities of a pharmacist and leverage use of the EMR to seamlessly capture data.

Current issues and recommendations to manage prescription drug benefits for public health programs.

Higher scrutiny is befalling public payors regarding drug costs and patient access to medications. These issues exist in a complex contractual environment where minimal oversight of pharmacy claim adjudication and reimbursement practices can occur. The complexity of prescription benefits, and the lack of defined expectations or accountability in the system contribute to a sense of frustration by the public.

Integration, Perceptions, and Implementation of Legislative Advocacy Within US Schools and Colleges of Pharmacy.

To assess the current practices of US schools and colleges of pharmacy pertaining to teaching legislative advocacy; the engagement of staff, faculty, postgraduates, students, and administrators in legislative advocacy partnerships and activities; and their future goals for legislative advocacy involvement by academic pharmacy institutions. An electronic survey was distributed to deans of schools and colleges of pharmacy across the United States. Respondents were asked to complete 53 items about their school's involvement in, barriers to involvement in, and relative importance of involvement in legislative advocacy.

Three ways to advocate for the economic value of the pharmacist in health care.

Numerous studies have demonstrated positive therapeutic and economic outcomes associated with pharmacist-provided care. However, public policy on provider status with subsequent payment for non-dispensing services has been slow to reflect an expanded pharmacist role. It is important for the public to understand the value of a pharmacist outside of the drug distribution system.

Characteristics of postgraduate year 2 ambulatory care pharmacy residency programs in the United States.

Purpose: A survey was conducted to evaluate the characteristics and structures of postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) ambulatory care pharmacy residency programs in the United States. The survey results can serve as a guide for current and newly emerging programs.

Methods: A 24-question survey was sent to 138 US PGY2 residency program directors (RPDs) in February 2017 to identify key program characteristics, including program type (single-site or multisite), primary practice site, number of residents, length and type of rotations, staffing requirements, additional residency activities, precepting and teaching opportunities, RPD training and credentials, and number and qualifications of preceptors.

The pharmacist's role in advocating for the health care of immigrants in detention centers.

Objectives: The primary objectives of this commentary are to (1) summarize the role of pharmacists as an advocate for the health care and appropriate use of medications of migrants in immigration detention centers and (2) describe methods to advocate for this vulnerable population.

Summary: There is a current humanitarian crisis occurring within the United States that violates the responsibilities and values held by members of the profession of pharmacy. Reports by reputable news organizations and members of U.

Pharmacists in Federally Qualified Health Centers: Models of Care to Improve Chronic Disease.

Introduction: Pharmacists are underused in the care of chronic disease. The primary objectives of this project were to 1) describe the factors that influence initiation of and sustainability for pharmacist-provided medication therapy management (MTM) in federally qualified health centers (FQHCs), with secondary objectives to report the number of patients receiving MTM by a pharmacist who achieve 2) hemoglobin A1c (HbA) control (≤9%) and 3) blood pressure control (<140/90 mm Hg).

Methods: We evaluated MTM provided by pharmacists in 10 FQHCs in Ohio through qualitative thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with pharmacists and FQHC leadership and aggregate reporting of clinical markers.

Educating international students about medication access and usage in the US: A pilot project.

To (1) describe an educational program for international students about medication access and use, (2) assess perspectives on the session A College of Pharmacy and Office of International Affairs at a large, public university presented on the U.S. pharmacy system during biannual international student orientation.

The feasibility of an inter-professional transitions of care service in an older adult population.

Background: Older adults discharged from the Emergency Department (ED) are at high risk for medication interactions and side effects; examples of practice models addressing this transition of care are lacking.

Methods: This was a prospective cohort study for adults in one of two urban community EDs. Patients ≥50 years of age discharged with at least one new, non-schedule II prescription medication were included.

Improving Chronic Disease Outcomes Through Medication Therapy Management in Federally Qualified Health Centers.

Introduction: Appropriate management of chronic diseases, including proper use of medications, can lead to better disease control, decrease disease-related complications, and improve overall health. Pharmacists have been shown to positively affect chronic disease outcomes through medication therapy management (MTM). The primary objectives of this project are to increase the number of patients with (1) A1c in control and (2) blood pressure in control; secondary objectives are to (3) describe number and type of medication-related problems identified and resolved by pharmacists providing MTM in Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs), (4) identify potential (pADEs) and actual adverse drug events (ADEs), and refer patients to diabetes self-management education classes, as needed.

Factors influencing adults' immunization practices: a pilot survey study of a diverse, urban community in central Ohio.

Background: Adult vaccination rates in the United States are well below recommendations with disparities in race, ethnicity, and education level resulting in even lower rates for these populations. This study aimed to identify the barriers to and perceptions of immunizations in adults in an urban, underserved, multicultural community. Understanding the factors that influence adults' decisions to receive routinely recommended vaccines will aid health care providers and public health officials to design programs to improve vaccination rates.

Fellowships in community pharmacy research: Experiences of five schools and colleges of pharmacy.

Objective: To describe common facilitators, challenges, and lessons learned in 5 schools and colleges of pharmacy in establishing community pharmacy research fellowships.

Setting: Five schools and colleges of pharmacy in the United States.

Practice Description: Schools and colleges of pharmacy with existing community partnerships identified a need and ability to develop opportunities for pharmacists to engage in advanced research training.

Students as catalysts to increase community pharmacy-led direct patient care services.

Objective: To describe the impact on community pharmacy service development of a faculty-student-pharmacist collaborative program offered by five U.S. colleges.

Pharmacy residents' pursuit of academic positions.

Objective: To describe pharmacy residents' interest in and pursuit of academic positions.

Methods: An electronic presurvey and postsurvey were sent to pharmacy residents during the 2011-2012 residency year. The initial survey evaluated residents' job preferences and interest in academia at the beginning of residency, and the follow-up survey focused on job selection and reasons for pursuing or not pursuing positions in academia.

A collaborative approach to residency preparation programming for pharmacy students.

Purpose: An innovative program to help pharmacy students navigate the residency application and interview process is described, including results of a survey evaluating the program's impact.

Summary: The Ohio State University (OSU) chapter of the Student Society of Health-System Pharmacy (SSHP) collaborated with OSU College of Pharmacy faculty members, pharmacists from OSU Wexner Medical Center and surrounding areas, and current pharmacy residents to provide programming to equip pharmacy students with skills to succeed as residency candidates. The programming has four components: Curriculum Vitae (CV) Critique, Mock Residency Interviews, Residency 101, and Midyear to Match (M-M), a six-part series that provides guidance on the Residency Showcase at the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) Midyear Clinical Meeting, Match day (the annual matching process coordinated by ASHP), and the post-Match "scramble," in which unmatched applicants compete for unfilled residency slots.

Student-peer mentoring on a drug information response.

Objective: To implement a student peer-mentoring program with a drug information response assignment in an introductory pharmacy practice course.

Design: Second-year student pharmacists (P2 mentors) enrolled in an independent study course were randomly assigned first-year student pharmacists (P1 mentees) to mentor on a drug information assignment. The P2 mentors provided feedback to P1 mentees' assignment drafts.

Current trends in outpatient pharmacy services and billing.

Objectives: To provide a summary of community and ambulatory pharmacy practices and billing patterns for medication therapy management (MTM) services and to identify reasons pharmacists report not billing for direct patient care services.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: United States, February 2011.

Evaluation of medication adherence and quality of life in patients with hepatitis C virus receiving combination therapy.

The purpose of this study was to identify medication adherence for patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) referred to an interdisciplinary HCV education and monitoring service, evaluate changes in quality of life (QOL) and medication adherence during the first 3 months of HCV therapy, and determine relationships between adherence and QOL. Patients completed an initial survey before initiating the therapy evaluating medication adherence and QOL. They then received a structured training on HCV medications and monthly monitoring phone call from a pharmacist throughout the therapy.

Risk factors and complications of subconjunctival hemorrhages in patients taking warfarin.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify patients with subconjunctival hemorrhage (SCH) on warfarin therapy, to describe risk factors that may contribute to SCH development, and to identify complications related to SCH.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted including patients treated at a university anticoagulation clinic over 2 years (4,334 patient visits). Data collection included patient demographics; international normalized ratios (INRs) before, at time of, and after SCH; risk factors for increased risk of bleeding; patient-reported complications related to SCH; recent changes in medication use; and warfarin dosage adjustments made in response to the event.

Partner for Promotion: an innovative advanced community pharmacy practice experience.

Objectives: To implement the Partner for Promotion (PFP) program which was designed to enhance the skills and confidence of students and community pharmacy preceptors to deliver and expand advanced patient care services in community pharmacies and also to assess the program's impact.

Design: A 10-month longitudinal community advanced pharmacy practice experience was implemented that included faculty mentoring of students and preceptors via formal orientation; face-to-face training sessions; online monthly meetings; feedback on service development materials; and a web site offering resources and a discussion board. Pre- and post-APPE surveys of students and preceptors were used to evaluate perceptions of knowledge and skills.