Evaluating Temperature Effects on Bluetongue Virus Serotype 10 and 17 Coinfection in .

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a segmented, double-stranded RNA virus transmitted by midges that infects ruminants. As global temperatures increase and geographical ranges of midges expand, there is increased potential for BTV outbreaks from incursions of novel serotypes into endemic regions. However, an understanding of the effect of temperature on reassortment is lacking.

Assessing Reassortment between Bluetongue Virus Serotypes 10 and 17 at Different Coinfection Ratios in .

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a segmented, double-stranded RNA orbivirus listed by the World Organization for Animal Health and transmitted by biting midges. Segmented viruses can reassort, which facilitates rapid and important genotypic changes. Our study evaluated reassortment in midges coinfected with different ratios of BTV-10 and BTV-17.

Creatine kinase and its isoenzymes in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of healthy canines.

Background: Creatine kinase (CK) exists as three isoenzymes (CK-MM, CK-MB, and CK-BB) that are predominantly expressed in specific tissues and can be detected in both the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF CK has been relatively unstudied in veterinary medicine, although studies in human medicine have demonstrated that changes in total CSF CK activity can indicate neurologic abnormalities.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish reference intervals for CK and its three major isoenzymes in the serum and CSF of clinically healthy dogs.

In Situ Hybridization (RNAscope) Detection of Bluetongue Virus Serotypes 10 and 17 in Experimentally Co-Infected .

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a segmented, double-stranded RNA virus transmitted by biting midges. Infection of domestic and wild ruminants with BTV can result in a devastating disease and significant economic losses. As a virus with a segmented genome, reassortment among the BTV serotypes that have co-infected a host may increase genetic diversity, which can alter BTV transmission dynamics and generate epizootic events.

Bluetongue Research at a Crossroads: Modern Genomics Tools Can Pave the Way to New Insights.

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne, segmented double-stranded RNA virus that can cause severe disease in both wild and domestic ruminants. BTV evolves via several key mechanisms, including the accumulation of mutations over time and the reassortment of genome segments.Additionally, BTV must maintain fitness in two disparate hosts, the insect vector and the ruminant.

Exposure of to Enzootic Strains of Bluetongue Virus Demonstrates Temperature- and Virus-Specific Effects on Virogenesis.

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a segmented RNA virus transmitted by midges. Climatic factors, animal movement, vector species, and viral mutation and reassortment may all play a role in the occurrence of BTV outbreaks among susceptible ruminants. We used two enzootic strains of BTV (BTV-2 and BTV-10) to explore the potential for , a key North American vector, to be infected with these viruses, and identify the impact of temperature variations on virogenesis during infection.

In Vitro Reassortment between Endemic Bluetongue Viruses Features Global Shifts in Segment Frequencies and Preferred Segment Combinations.

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne pathogen that is associated with sometimes severe disease in both domestic and wild ruminants. Predominantly transmitted by spp. biting midges, BTV is composed of a segmented, double-stranded RNA genome.

The Genetic Diversification of a Single Bluetongue Virus Strain Using an In Vitro Model of Alternating-Host Transmission.

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus that has been associated with dramatic epizootics in both wild and domestic ruminants in recent decades. As a segmented, double-stranded RNA virus, BTV can evolve via several mechanisms due to its genomic structure. However, the effect of BTV's alternating-host transmission cycle on the virus's genetic diversification remains poorly understood.

Ecological Dynamics Impacting Bluetongue Virus Transmission in North America.

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus transmitted to domestic and wild ruminants by certain species of midges. The disease resulting from infection with BTV is economically important and can influence international trade and movement of livestock, the economics of livestock production, and animal welfare. Recent changes in the epidemiology of -transmitted viruses, notably the emergence of exotic BTV genotypes in Europe, have demonstrated the devastating economic consequences of BTV epizootics and the complex nature of transmission across host-vector landscapes.

Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction in Animal Studies With Biohazardous Agents.

Animal models are critical to the advancement of our knowledge of infectious disease pathogenesis, diagnostics, therapeutics, and prevention strategies. The use of animal models requires thoughtful consideration for their well-being, as infections can significantly impact the general health of an animal and impair their welfare. Application of the 3Rs-replacement, refinement, and reduction-to animal models using biohazardous agents can improve the scientific merit and animal welfare.

Bovine viral diarrhea in captive Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep associated with administration of a contaminated modified-live bluetongue virus vaccine.

In late summer 2017, we observed acute, fatal cases of bovine viral diarrhea in captive Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis canadensis) in Colorado following use of a contaminated modified-live bluetongue virus vaccine. Following vaccination, at least 14 of 28 (50%) vaccinated bighorn sheep developed hemorrhagic diarrhea, and 6 of 28 (21%) vaccinated bighorn sheep died. Autopsy findings were predominantly necroulcerative-to-necrohemorrhagic gastrointestinal lesions.

Effects of Low-level Brodifacoum Exposure on the Feline Immune Response.

Anticoagulant rodenticides have been implicated as a potential inciting factor in the development of mange in wild felids, but a causative association between anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and immune suppression has not been established. Specific-pathogen-free domestic cats were exposed to brodifacoum over a 6-week period to determine whether chronic, low-level exposure altered the feline immune response. Cats were vaccinated with irrelevant antigens at different points during the course of the experiment to assess recall and direct immune responses.

Reference intervals for the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of healthy canines.

Background: Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) exists as 5 isoenzymes (LD-1 through LD-5) that are expressed throughout the body and can be detected in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). LD and its isoenzymes have been relatively unstudied in veterinary medicine, although studies in human medicine have demonstrated that changes in total LD activity and atypical isoenzyme patterns can indicate disease processes, including neurologic abnormalities.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish RIs for LD and its isoenzymes in the serum and CSF of clinically healthy dogs.

A review of potential bluetongue virus vaccine strategies.

Bluetongue (BT) is an economically important, non-zoonotic arboviral disease of certain wild and domestic species of cloven-hooved ungulates. Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent and the occurrence of BTV infection is distinctly seasonal in temperate regions of the world, and dependent on the presence of vector biting midges (e.g.