Plant-derived exosomal microRNAs inhibit lung inflammation induced by exosomes SARS-CoV-2 Nsp12.

Lung inflammation is a hallmark of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, we show that mice develop inflamed lung tissue after being administered exosomes released from the lung epithelial cells exposed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Nsp12 and Nsp13 (exosomes). Mechanistically, we show that exosomes are taken up by lung macrophages, leading to activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and the subsequent induction of an array of inflammatory cytokines.

Redundant and Cooperative Roles for Yersinia pestis Yop Effectors in the Inhibition of Human Neutrophil Exocytic Responses Revealed by Gain-of-Function Approach.

causes a rapid, lethal disease referred to as plague. actively inhibits the innate immune system to generate a noninflammatory environment during early stages of infection to promote colonization. The ability of to create this early noninflammatory environment is in part due to the action of seven Yop effector proteins that are directly injected into host cells via a type 3 secretion system (T3SS).