Interindividual behavioural variation in response to elevated CO predicts mRNA transcript abundance of genes related to acid-base regulation in medaka (Oryzias latipes).

Rising carbon dioxide (CO) in aquatic ecosystems due to climate change is a challenge for aquatic ectotherms. We examined whether interindividual variation in behavioural responses to CO could predict how a teleost fish would respond to elevated CO for multiple phenotypic and molecular traits. To this end, we first quantified behavioural responses of individuals exposed to acute elevated CO, and used these to assign individuals as either high or low responders relative to the population mean.

Are the effects of catch-and-release angling evident in changes to mRNA abundances related to metabolism, acid-base regulation and stress in lake trout ( gills?

Catch-and-release (C&R) angling is a conservation-oriented practice intended to reduce the impact recreational angling has on fish populations. Even though most recreationally angled fish are released, little is known about how C&R angling impacts fish at the cellular or tissue level. As the first to explore the impacts of C&R angling on mRNA abundances, our study aimed to identify how the stress of angling influenced metabolism, acid-base regulation and cellular stress in the gills of lake trout (.

Implementation of a Knowledge Management System in Mental Health and Addictions: Mixed Methods Case Study.

Background: Mental health and addictions (MHA) care is complex and individualized and requires coordination across providers and areas of care. Knowledge management is an essential facilitator and common challenge in MHA services.

Objective: This paper aimed to describe the development of a knowledge management system (KMS) and the associated processes in 1 MHA program.

A chromosomal inversion may facilitate adaptation despite periodic gene flow in a freshwater fish.

Differences in genomic architecture between populations, such as chromosomal inversions, may play an important role in facilitating adaptation despite opportunities for gene flow. One system where chromosomal inversions may be important for eco-evolutionary dynamics is in freshwater fishes, which often live in heterogenous environments characterized by varying levels of connectivity and varying opportunities for gene flow. In the present study, reduced representation sequencing was used to study possible adaptation in = 345 walleye () from three North American waterbodies: Cedar Bluff Reservoir (Kansas, USA), Lake Manitoba (Manitoba, Canada), and Lake Winnipeg (Manitoba, Canada).

Molecular and physiological responses predict acclimation limits in juvenile brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).

Understanding the resilience of ectotherms to high temperatures is essential because of the influence of climate change on aquatic ecosystems. The ability of species to acclimate to high temperatures may determine whether populations can persist in their native ranges. We examined physiological and molecular responses of juvenile brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) to six acclimation temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 23 and 25°C) that span the thermal distribution of the species to predict acclimation limits.

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy: Personal utility of a genetic diagnosis for families.

Objectives: Identifying genetic pathogenic variants improves clinical outcomes for children with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) by directing therapy and enabling accurate reproductive and prognostic information for families. We aimed to explore the additional personal utility of receiving a genetic diagnosis for families.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen families of children with a DEE who had received a genetic diagnosis.

Applying a gene-suite approach to examine the physiological status of wild-caught walleye ().

Molecular techniques have been increasingly used in a conservation physiology framework to provide valuable information regarding the mechanisms underlying responses of wild organisms to environmental and anthropogenic stressors. In the present study, we developed a reference gill transcriptome for walleye (), allowing us to pair a gene-suite approach (i.e.

Genomic signals found using RNA sequencing show signatures of selection and subtle population differentiation in walleye () in a large freshwater ecosystem.

RNA sequencing is an effective approach for studying aquatic species yielding both physiological and genomic data. However, its population genetic applications are not well-characterized. We investigate this possible role for RNA sequencing for population genomics in Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, walleye ().

Sub-lethal temperature thresholds indicate acclimation and physiological limits in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis.

The upper thermal tolerance of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis was estimated using critical thermal maxima (CT ) experiments on fish acclimated to temperatures that span the species' thermal range (5-25°C). The CT increased with acclimation temperature but plateaued in fish acclimated to 20, 23 and 25°C. Plasma lactate was highest, and the hepato-somatic index (I ) was lowest at 23 and 25°C, which suggests additional metabolic costs at those acclimation temperatures.

Physiological status of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) in the Illinois River: An assessment of fish at the leading edge of the invasion front.

Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) are invasive to North America, and their range has expanded within the Mississippi River Basin, seemingly unchecked, since their introduction in the late 1970s, with the exception of the upper reaches of the Illinois River. With the imminent threat of their movement into the Great Lakes, the goal of the present study was to assess whether differences in the physiological status between silver carp at the leading edge of their invasion front and core population sites could explain their lack of expansion upstream toward Lake Michigan over the past decade. A transcriptomic approach using RNA sequencing and analysis of plasma variables were used to quantify differences among fish at the leading edge and two downstream core population sites.

Hot and bothered: effects of elevated Pco and temperature on juvenile freshwater mussels.

Multiple environmental stressors may interact in complex ways to exceed or diminish the impacts of individual stressors. In the present study, the interactive effects of two ecologically relevant stressors [increased temperature and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco)] were assessed for freshwater mussels, a group of organisms that are among the most sensitive and rapidly declining worldwide. The individual and combined effects of elevated temperature (22°C-34°C) and Pco (~230, 58,000 µatm) on juvenile Lampsilis siliquoidea were quantified over a 5- or 14-day period, during which physiological and whole animal responses were measured.

Chronic exposure of a freshwater mussel to elevated pCO : Effects on the control of biomineralization and ion-regulatory responses.

Freshwater mussels may be exposed to elevations in mean partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO ) caused by both natural and anthropogenic factors. The goal of the present study was to assess the effects of a 28-d elevation in pCO at 15 000 and 50 000 μatm on processes associated with biomineralization, ion regulation, and cellular stress in adult Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes, 1823). In addition, the capacity for mussels to compensate for acid-base disturbances experienced after exposure to elevated pCO was assessed over a 14-d recovery period.

Valve movement of three species of North American freshwater mussels exposed to elevated carbon dioxide.

Freshwater mussels are at-risk taxa and may be exposed to high levels of carbon dioxide (CO) because of the potential use of CO to control the movement of invasive aquatic fish species. One potential behavioral response to a change in the partial pressure of CO (pCO) may be altered valve movement. In this study, three species of mussels were fitted with modified sensors and exposed to two regimes of pCO to define thresholds of impaired valve movement.

Physiological responses of three species of unionid mussels to intermittent exposure to elevated carbon dioxide.

Freshwater systems are at risk owing to increasing carbon dioxide (CO) levels, and one of the possible reasons for these elevations is the deployment of non-physical fish barriers to prevent invasive fish movements. Carbon dioxide barriers have the potential to create short, chronic and intermittent exposures of CO for surrounding freshwater biota. Although intermittent exposures to a stressor may be more ecologically relevant, the majority of laboratory tests use chronic or short-term time periods to determine how organisms will respond to an environmental stressor.

The response of two species of unionid mussels to extended exposure to elevated carbon dioxide.

Changes in environmental conditions can act as stressors, with potential consequences for the health and fitness of organisms. Rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) is one potential environmental stressor that is occurring more frequently in the environment and can be a stressor for aquatic organisms. In this study, the physiological responses of two species of unionid mussel, Lampsilis siliquoidea and Amblema plicata, were assessed in response to exposure to two levels of elevated partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) (~20,000 and ~55,000μatm) over a 28d period, followed by a subsequent 14d recovery period.

Responses to elevated CO exposure in a freshwater mussel, Fusconaia flava.

Freshwater mussels are some of the most imperiled species in North America and are particularly susceptible to environmental change. One environmental disturbance that mussels may encounter that remains understudied is an increase in the partial pressure of CO (pCO). The present study quantified the impacts of acute (6 h) and chronic (up to 32 days) exposures to elevated pCO on genes associated with shell formation (chitin synthase; cs) and the stress response (heat shock protein 70; hsp70) in Fusconaia flava.

Boosting safety behaviour: Descriptive norms encourage child booster seat usage amongst low involvement parents.

Campaigns advocating behavioural changes often employ social norms as a motivating technique, favouring injunctive norms (what is typically approved or disapproved) over descriptive norms (what is typically done). Here, we investigate an upside to including descriptive norms in health and safety appeals. Because descriptive norms are easy to process and understand, they should provide a heuristic to guide behaviour in those individuals who lack the interest or motivation to reflect on the advocated behaviour more deeply.

Programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis by maternal social status in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

The present study examined the effects of maternal social status, with subordinate status being a chronic stressor, on development and activity of the stress axis in zebrafish embryos and larvae. Female zebrafish were confined in pairs for 48 h to establish dominant/subordinate hierarchies; their offspring were reared to 144 h post-fertilization (hpf) and sampled at five time points over development. No differences were detected in maternal cortisol contribution, which is thought to be an important programmer of offspring phenotype.

Freshwater biota and rising pCO2?

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has caused a suite of environmental issues, however, little is known about how the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in freshwater will be affected by climate change. Freshwater pCO2 varies across systems and is controlled by a diverse array of factors, making it difficult to make predictions about future levels of pCO2. Recent evidence suggests that increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 may directly increase freshwater pCO2 levels in lakes, but rising atmospheric CO2 may also indirectly impact freshwater pCO2 levels in a variety of systems by affecting other contributing factors such as soil respiration, terrestrial productivity and climate regimes.

Linking Landscape-Scale Disturbances to Stress and Condition of Fish: Implications for Restoration and Conservation.

Humans have dramatically altered landscapes as a result of urban and agricultural development, which has led to decreases in the quality and quantity of habitats for animals. This is particularly the case for freshwater fish that reside in fluvial systems, given that changes to adjacent lands have direct impacts on the structure and function of watersheds. Because choices of habitat have physiological consequences for organisms, animals that occupy sub-optimal habitats may experience increased expenditure of energy or homeostatic overload that can cause negative outcomes for individuals and populations.

Use of portable blood physiology point-of-care devices for basic and applied research on vertebrates: a review.

Non-human vertebrate blood is commonly collected and assayed for a variety of applications, including veterinary diagnostics and physiological research. Small, often non-lethal samples enable the assessment and monitoring of the physiological state and health of the individual. Traditionally, studies that rely on blood physiology have focused on captive animals or, in studies conducted in remote settings, have required the preservation and transport of samples for later analysis.

Modulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis function by social status in rainbow trout.

Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) form stable dominance hierarchies when confined in pairs. These hierarchies are driven by aggressive competition over limited resources and result in one fish becoming dominant over the other. An important indicator of low social status is sustained elevation of circulating cortisol levels as a result of chronic activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis.

Development of a group model of clinical supervision to meet the needs of a community mental health nursing team.

Clinical supervision is an important tool in the development of quality nursing care. It involves a process of reflection upon practice, the aim of which is to improve clinical practices and hence improve patient outcomes. The term 'clinical supervision' is itself problematic in that it implies an hierarchical, rather than a nurse-centred and reflective, process.