Collaborative Testing in Medical Education: Student Perceptions and Long-Term Knowledge Retention.

Collaborative testing blends collaborative learning and assessment, engaging small groups of students in answering exam questions as a team. Previous studies have shown that collaborative testing promotes increased student performance and short-term knowledge retention over individual testing alone. In this mixed-methods study, we examined the effects of collaborative testing on preclinical medical students' long-term retention of basic science knowledge, as well as students' approaches and perceptions of collaborative testing.

Epistemic cognition in medical education: a literature review.

Objective: To review the research literature on epistemic cognition in medical education.

Methods: We conducted database searches using keywords related to epistemic cognition and medical education or practice. In duplicate, authors selected and reviewed empirical studies with a central focus on epistemic cognition and participant samples including medical students or physicians.

Identification of markers for nipple epidermis: changes in expression during pregnancy and lactation.

In vertebrates, specific regions of skin crucial for interaction with and manipulation of elements in the environment are characterized by specialized epidermis. Regions of specialized epidermis show distinct patterns of cellular differentiation and express specific keratins that provide an increased ability to withstand mechanical strain. The nipple, which must endure the mechanical strain of nursing, is a type of specialized epidermis.