Cyanobacterial Cultures, Cell Extracts, and Individual Toxins Decrease Photosynthesis in the Terrestrial Plants and .

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cHABs) are increasing due to eutrophication and climate change, as is irrigation of crops with freshwater contaminated with cHAB toxins. A few studies, mostly in aquatic protists and plants, have investigated the effects of cHAB toxins or cell extracts on various aspects of photosynthesis, with variable effects reported (negative to neutral to positive). We examined the effects of cyanobacterial live cultures and cell extracts ( or ) and individual cHAB toxins (anatoxin-a, ANA; beta-methyl-amino-L-alanine, BMAA; lipopolysaccharide, LPS; microcystin-LR, MC-LR) on photosynthesis in intact plants and leaf pieces in corn () and lettuce ().

Transient Expression of Silicon-Induced Histidine-Rich Defensins in Limits Necrotic Lesion Development Caused by Phytopathogenic Fungi.

Silicon (Si) supplementation permits plants to better deter infection. Supplementing hydroponically-propagated with 1 mM potassium silicate (KSiO) reduced necrotic lesion development on detached leaves by both and . Previously, a family of Si-induced genes was identified in .

Species Survey of Leaf Hyponasty Responses to Warming Plus Elevated CO.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) concentrations are increasing and may exceed 800 ppm by 2100. This is increasing global mean temperatures and the frequency and severity of heatwaves. Recently, we showed for the first time that the combination of short-term warming and elevated carbon dioxide (eCO) caused extreme upward bending (i.

Testosterone affects type I/type II interferon response of neutrophils during hepatic amebiasis.

Differences in immune response between men and women may influence the outcome of infectious diseases. Intestinal infection with Entamoeba histolytica leads to hepatic amebiasis, which is more common in males. Previously, we reported that innate immune cells contribute to liver damage in males in the murine model for hepatic amebiasis.

Generation & characterization of expandable human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and their application to assess hepatotoxicity in an advanced in vitro liver model.

Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are highly specialized endothelial cells forming the hepatic sinusoidal wall. Besides their high endocytic potential, LSECs have been demonstrated to markedly contribute to liver homeostasis and immunity, and may partially explain unexpected hepatotoxicity of drug candidates. However, their use for in vitro investigations is compromised by poor cell yields and a limited proliferation capacity.

A meta-analysis of the combined effects of elevated carbon dioxide and chronic warming on plant %N, protein content and N-uptake rate.

Elevated CO (eCO) and high temperatures are known to affect plant nitrogen (N) metabolism. Though the combined effects of eCO and chronic warming on plant N relations have been studied in some detail, a comprehensive statistical review on this topic is lacking. This meta-analysis examined the effects of eCO plus warming on shoot and root %N, tissue protein concentration (root, shoot and grain) and N-uptake rate.

Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Chronic Warming Together Decrease Nitrogen Uptake Rate, Net Translocation, and Assimilation in Tomato.

The response of plant N relations to the combination of elevated CO (eCO) and warming are poorly understood. To study this, tomato () plants were grown at 400 or 700 ppm CO and 33/28 or 38/33 °C (day/night), and their soil was labeled with NO or NH. Plant dry mass, root N-uptake rate, root-to-shoot net N translocation, whole-plant N assimilation, and root resource availability (%C, %N, total nonstructural carbohydrates) were measured.

Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Chronic Warming on Nitrogen (N)-Uptake Rate, -Assimilation, and -Concentration of Wheat.

The concentration of nitrogen (N) in vegetative tissues is largely dependent on the balance among growth, root N uptake, and N assimilation. Elevated CO (eCO) plus warming is likely to affect the vegetative-tissue N and protein concentration of wheat by altering N metabolism, but this is poorly understood. To investigate this, spring wheat () was grown for three weeks at two levels of CO (400 or 700 ppm) and two temperature regimes (26/21 or 31/26 °C, day/night).

Cauliflower mosaic virus P6 inclusion body formation: A dynamic and intricate process.

During an infection, Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) forms inclusion bodies (IBs) mainly composed of viral protein P6, where viral activities occur. Because viral processes occur in IBs, understanding the mechanisms by which they are formed is crucial. FL-P6 expressed in N.

Effect of drought and carbon dioxide on nutrient uptake and levels of nutrient-uptake proteins in roots of barley.

Premise: Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO ) concentration is increasing, as is the frequency and duration of drought in some regions. Elevated CO can decrease the effects of drought by further decreasing stomatal opening and, hence, water loss from leaves. Both elevated CO and drought typically decrease plant nutrient concentration, but their interactive effects on nutrient status and uptake are little studied.

Elevated carbon dioxide plus chronic warming causes dramatic increases in leaf angle in tomato, which correlates with reduced plant growth.

Limited evidence indicates that moderate leaf hyponasty can be induced by high temperatures or unnaturally high CO . Here, we report that the combination of warming plus elevated CO (eCO ) induces severe leaf hyponasty in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.).

Effects of Drought on Nutrient Uptake and the Levels of Nutrient-Uptake Proteins in Roots of Drought-Sensitive and -Tolerant Grasses.

Climate change will increase drought in many regions of the world. Besides decreasing productivity, drought also decreases the concentration (%) of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) in plants. We investigated if decreases in nutrient status during drought are correlated with decreases in levels of nutrient-uptake proteins in roots, which has not been quantified.

Elevated CO plus chronic warming reduce nitrogen uptake and levels or activities of nitrogen-uptake and -assimilatory proteins in tomato roots.

Atmospheric CO enrichment is expected to often benefit plant growth, despite causing global warming and nitrogen (N) dilution in plants. Most plants primarily procure N as inorganic nitrate (NO ) or ammonium (NH ), using membrane-localized transport proteins in roots, which are key targets for improving N use. Although interactive effects of elevated CO , chronic warming and N form on N relations are expected, these have not been studied.

Comparative analysis of marine ecosystems: international production modelling workshop.

Understanding the drivers that dictate the productivity of marine ecosystems continues to be a globally important issue. A vast literature identifies three main processes that regulate the production dynamics of such ecosystems: biophysical, exploitative and trophodynamic. Exploring the prominence among this 'triad' of drivers, through a synthetic analysis, is critical for understanding how marine ecosystems function and subsequently produce fisheries resources of interest to humans.