The change of alanine aminotransferase distributions among US youths, NHANES 1988-2020.

Objectives: The trend of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), a biomarker of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease), remains poorly described for the pediatric population because no widely accepted cutoffs are available to categorize ALT value. We described the nuanced changes in the distribution of ALT continuous values.

Study Design: We analyzed the data from 15,702 adolescents aged 12-19 who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys between 1988 and 2020.

Bias, Prejudice, Discrimination, Racism, and Social Determinants: The Impact on the Health and Well-Being of Latino Children and Youth.

This narrative review focuses on the impact of bias, prejudice, discrimination, racism (BPDR), social determinants of health, and structural racism on Latino children's health and well-being. The race/ethnicity, country of origin, immigrant/generational status, limited English proficiency (LEP), acculturation level, and social class of Latino children and their parents can heighten or modify the impact of BPDR. These differences have been shown to affect BPDR among Latino adults and presumably for their children.

Associations of Infant Sleep Characteristics with Childhood Cognitive Outcomes.

Objective: The objective of this study was to quantify associations of infant 24-hour sleep duration and nighttime sleep consolidation with later child cognition.

Methods: This study included children from Project Viva, a prospective cohort in Massachusetts with (1) sleep measures in infancy (median age 6.4 months) and (2) child cognition in early childhood (median age 3.

Participant and Stakeholder Perceptions of the Food FARMacy Emergency Food Assistance Program for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study.

Background: Food FARMacy is a clinical-community emergency food assistance program developed in response to food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Few qualitative studies have examined participant, and clinical and community stakeholder experiences with these food assistance programs.

Objective: To examine the motivations, experiences, and perceptions of Food FARMacy participants and program stakeholders.

Cost-Effectiveness of Pharmacotherapy for the Treatment of Obesity in Adolescents.

Importance: Antiobesity pharmacotherapy is recommended for adolescents ages 12 years and older with obesity. Several medications have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for adolescent use, but the most cost-effective medication remains unclear.

Objective: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of lifestyle counseling alone and as adjunct to liraglutide, mid-dose phentermine and topiramate (7.

Neighborhood environmental vulnerability and pediatric asthma morbidity in US metropolitan areas.

Background: Research suggests demographic, economic, residential, and health-related factors influence vulnerability to environmental exposures. Greater environmental vulnerability may exacerbate environmentally related health outcomes. We developed a neighborhood environmental vulnerability index (NEVI) to operationalize environmental vulnerability on a neighborhood level.

Association of a primary care-based mobile food pantry with child body mass index: A propensity score matched cohort study.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that children in Food FARMacia-a six-month food insecurity intervention from May 2019 to January 2020-would have smaller age-adjusted, sex-specific body mass index (BMIz) gains than matched counterparts.

Methods: In this proof-of-concept study, we performed a difference-in-differences (DiD) analysis of a propensity-score matched cohort among paediatric primary care patients aged <6 years with household food insecurity. Children with anthropometric measures prior to and after intervention started were included.

Longitudinal trends in parent-reported child sleep, physical activity, and screen use during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.

Objective: To examine trends in child sleep, physical activity, and screen use during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City with a prospective, longitudinal online survey of parents recruited from a large medical center.

Methods: Data was collected Spring 2020 ("Complete Shutdown") and Fall 2020 ("Partial Shutdown"). Outcomes were parental perceptions about changes in child sleep, physical activity, and screen time compared to before COVID-19; and contemporaneous measures of these child behaviors.

Association of cow's milk intake in early childhood with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk in early adolescence.

Background: Prior studies have provided conflicting evidence regarding associations of pediatric milk consumption with subsequent adiposity.

Objectives: We aimed to estimate associations of the consumption frequency and fat content of early childhood milk intake with early adolescent adiposity and cardiometabolic risk.

Methods: We analyzed data collected prospectively from 796 children in Project Viva, a Boston-area prebirth cohort.

Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Medical Therapy, Sleeve Gastrectomy, and Gastric Bypass in Patients With Severe Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.

Importance: Bariatric surgery is recommended for patients with severe obesity (body mass index ≥40) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the most cost-effective treatment remains unclear and may depend on the patient's T2D severity.

Objective: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of medical therapy, sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) among patients with severe obesity and T2D, stratified by T2D severity.

Text Messages to Curb Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption among Pregnant Women and Mothers: A Mobile Health Randomized Controlled Trial.

Racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in childhood obesity in the United States (U.S.) originate in early life.

Community Perceptions in New York City: Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Policies and Programs in the First 1000 Days.

Objectives: To examine perceptions of Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) policies and programs focused on the first 1000 days-gestation through age 2 years-among community stakeholders in Washington Heights and the South Bronx, two neighborhoods in New York City with disproportionately high prevalence of childhood obesity.

Methods: A multilevel framework informed interview guide development. Using purposeful sampling, we recruited study participants who were (1) able to speak English or Spanish and (2) resided or employed in Washington Heights or the South Bronx.

Persistent effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on diet, exercise, risk for food insecurity, and quality of life: A longitudinal study among U.S. adults.

COVID-19 has affected the health and well-being of almost every American. The aim of this study was to examine the sustained impacts of COVID-19 prevention measures on the diet and exercise habits, risk for food insecurity, and quality of life among adults in the U.S.

Longitudinal associations of modifiable risk factors in the first 1000 days with weight status and metabolic risk in early adolescence.

Background: Many studies have identified early-life risk factors for childhood overweight/obesity (OwOb), but few have evaluated how they combine to influence later cardiometabolic health.

Objectives: We aimed to examine the association of risk factors in the first 1000 d with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk in early adolescence.

Methods: We studied 1038 mother-child pairs in Project Viva.

Zooming Toward a Telehealth Solution for Vulnerable Children with Obesity During Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Health inequities exist throughout the life course, resulting in racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in obesity and obesity-related health complications. Obesity and its comorbidities appear to be linked to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality. Approaches to reduce obesity in the time of COVID-19 closures are urgently needed and should start early in life.

Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake Among Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women of Reproductive Age.

Objectives: Frequent sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake is associated with weight gain in women, and pre-pregnancy overweight and excessive gestational weight gain are linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes. SSB intake information for women of reproductive age (WRA) is limited. We described SSB intake among non-pregnant and pregnant WRA and identified correlates of daily intake.

Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and obesity in SNAP-eligible children and adolescents.

Background: Low-income individuals who are eligible for nutrition assistance have been shown to consume a larger portion of their daily calories from beverages with added sugar. We examined the association between Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation and self-reported sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption as well as the association between self-reported consumption of SSBs and overweight/obesity in low-income children.

Design: Cross-sectional analysis of 1455 SNAP-eligible U.

Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Adolescents With Severe Obesity Before Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy.

Objectives: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is often performed to evaluate for mucosal and anatomical abnormalities before vertical sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Little is known, however, about how prebariatric EGD in adolescents influences clinical management or outcome. Our aim was to assess if an abnormal prebariatric EGD resulted in interventions or modification of bariatric surgery.

Nutrition provider confidence in the Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (MA-CORD) study.

Objective: The multi-sector, multi-level Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (MA-CORD) study resulted in improvements in obesity risk factors among children age 2-4 years enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). The goal of this study was to examine whether the MA-CORD intervention increased WIC provider confidence in their ability to identify childhood obesity and obesity-related behaviors.

Methods: As part of the MA-CORD intervention conducted from 2012 to 2015, we implemented WIC practice changes focused on childhood obesity prevention within two Massachusetts communities.

Parental and Provider Perceptions of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Interventions in the First 1000 Days: A Qualitative Study.

Background: Novel approaches to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption during the first 1000 days-pregnancy through age 2 years-are urgently needed.

Objective: To examine perceptions of SSB consumption and acceptability of potential intervention strategies to promote SSB avoidance in low-income families in the first 1000 days.

Methods: In this qualitative research, we performed semistructured, in-depth interviews of 25 women and 7 nutrition/health care providers.