Compositional Aspects of Beverages Designed to Promote Hydration Before, During, and After Exercise: Concepts Revisited.

Hypohydration can impair aerobic performance and deteriorate cognitive function during exercise. To minimize hypohydration, athletes are recommended to commence exercise at least euhydrated, ingest fluids containing sodium during long-duration and/or high-intensity exercise to prevent body mass loss over 2% and maintain elevated plasma osmolality, and rapidly restore and retain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis before a second exercise session. To achieve these goals, the compositions of the fluids consumed are key; however, it remains unclear what can be considered an optimal formulation for a hydration beverage in different settings.

Development of Expert-Level Classification of Seizures and Rhythmic and Periodic Patterns During EEG Interpretation.

Background And Objectives: Seizures (SZs) and other SZ-like patterns of brain activity can harm the brain and contribute to in-hospital death, particularly when prolonged. However, experts qualified to interpret EEG data are scarce. Prior attempts to automate this task have been limited by small or inadequately labeled samples and have not convincingly demonstrated generalizable expert-level performance.

Interrater Reliability of Expert Electroencephalographers Identifying Seizures and Rhythmic and Periodic Patterns in EEGs.

Background And Objectives: The validity of brain monitoring using electroencephalography (EEG), particularly to guide care in patients with acute or critical illness, requires that experts can reliably identify seizures and other potentially harmful rhythmic and periodic brain activity, collectively referred to as "ictal-interictal-injury continuum" (IIIC). Previous interrater reliability (IRR) studies are limited by small samples and selection bias. This study was conducted to assess the reliability of experts in identifying IIIC.

Support from Work and Intent to Stay Among Nurses During COVID-19: An Academic-Practice Collaboration.

The COVID-19 pandemic created stressful working conditions for nurses and challenges for leaders. A survey was conducted among 399 acute and ambulatory care nurses measuring availability of calming and safety resources, perceptions of support from work, and intent to stay. Most nurses reported intent to stay with their employer, despite inadequate safety and calming resources.

Utilization of Current Diagnostic Indicators to Characterize Pediatric Undernutrition among US Children.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of pediatric undernutrition in the US general population using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition consensus statement on identification of pediatric malnutrition (undernutrition). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data for years 2005-2014 was analyzed for children ages 1-13 years ( = 13,950) with valid anthropometric data. The prevalence of undernutrition was assessed through -scores for weight-for-height, body mass index (BMI)-for-age, height-for-age, and mid-upper-arm circumference-for-age generated from the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts.

THC intoxication in a 16-month-old child.

A 16-month-old previously healthy child with normal development presented with decreased level of consciousness, apneas, and seizure requiring intubation and treatment for status epilepticus. Investigations revealed no evidence of infection or trauma, normal head CT scan, and urine positive for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and negative for other substances. This report outlines the clinical presentation, approach to treatment, and potential seriousness of THC intoxication in young children.

Smartphone EEG and remote online interpretation for children with epilepsy in the Republic of Guinea: Quality, characteristics, and practice implications.

Purpose: Children with epilepsy in low-income countries often go undiagnosed and untreated. We examine a portable, low-cost smartphone-based EEG technology in a heterogeneous pediatric epilepsy cohort in the West African Republic of Guinea.

Methods: Children with epilepsy were recruited at the Ignace Deen Hospital in Conakry, 2017.

Seizures in HIV: The case for special consideration.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the rate, cause and management of seizures in the context of potential ART-ASD interactions in a cohort of HIV + individuals.

Methods: Records of 604 HIV + patients were reviewed and those reporting epilepsy/seizure diagnosis were further evaluated.

Results: This cohort exhibited a seizure rate of 2.

Aciclovir-induced acute kidney injury in patients with 'suspected viral encephalitis' encountered on a liaison neurology service.

Background: Patients with 'suspected viral encephalitis' are frequently empirically treated with intravenous aciclovir. Increasing urea and creatinine are 'common', but rapidly progressive renal failure is reported to be 'very rare'.

Aims: To describe the clinical course and outcome of cases of aciclovir-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) encountered by the Liaison Neurology Service at AMNCH and to highlight the importance of surveillance and urgent treatment of this iatrogenic complication.

Renal association clinical practice guideline on Anaemia of Chronic Kidney Disease.

Anaemia is a commonly diagnosed complication among patients suffering with chronic kidney disease. If left untreated, it may affect patient quality of life. There are several causes for anaemia in this patient population.

Mono- and diglycerides improve lutein absorption in healthy adults: a randomised, double-blind, cross-over, single-dose study.

With the association between increased carotenoid intake and lower risk of chronic diseases, the absorption of lutein from the diet becomes an important factor in its delivery and physiological action. The primary objective of this study was to gain an understanding of how a new formulation technology (mixture of mono- and diglycerides (MDG)), affected lutein absorption. Subjects (n 24) were randomised in a cross-over, double-blind study to receive a single dose of 6 mg lutein (FloraGLO 20 %) provided as capsules containing either high-oleic safflower (SAF) oil or a MDG oil.

An exploration of the spectrum of peri-ictal MRI change; a comprehensive literature review.

Purpose: The aim of this review was to identify published studies in the literature relating to ictal induced MRI change and to identify certain common themes, practical points for clinicians and areas for future research.

Methods: We identified 96 articles that satisfied our inclusion criteria yielding 575 cases. All articles were analysed; number of subjects, spectrum of MRI and EEG change, aetiology, and follow-up (both clinical and imaging) were noted.

Forecasting behavior in smart homes based on sleep and wake patterns.

Background: The goal of this research is to use smart home technology to assist people who are recovering from injuries or coping with disabilities to live independently.

Objective: We introduce an algorithm to model and forecast wake and sleep behaviors that are exhibited by the participant. Furthermore, we propose that sleep behavior is impacted by and can be modeled from wake behavior, and vice versa.

Regulation of C3 Activation by the Alternative Complement Pathway in the Mouse Retina.

The purpose of this study was to examine the retinas of mice carrying hemizygous and null double deletions of Cfb-/- and Cfh-/-, and to compare these with the single knockouts of Cfb, Cfh and Cfd. Retinas were isolated from wild type (WT), Cfb-/-/Cfh-/-, Cfb-/-/Cfh+/-, Cfh-/-/Cfb+/-, Cfb-/-, Cfh-/- Cfd-/-, and Cfd+/- mice. Complement proteins were evaluated by western blotting, ELISA and immunocytochemistry, and retinal morphology was assessed using toluidine blue stained semi-thin sections.

Vitamin D levels and perinatal depressive symptoms in women at risk: a secondary analysis of the mothers, omega-3, and mental health study.

Background: Vitamin D insufficiency may be associated with depressive symptoms in non-pregnant adults. We performed this study to evaluate whether low maternal vitamin D levels are associated with depressive symptoms in pregnancy.

Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of a randomized trial designed to assess whether prenatal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation would prevent depressive symptoms.

High Podocalyxin levels promote cell viability partially through up-regulation of Annexin A2.

Podocalyxin (PODXL) is a highly glycosylated and sialylated transmembrane protein that is up-regulated in various types of tumors and whose expression levels positively correlate with tumor grade. We previously found Podxl to be highly expressed in murine tumorigenic neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPs). Here we investigated the effects of elevated Podxl levels in these cells.

The impact of teach-back on comprehension of discharge instructions and satisfaction among emergency patients with limited health literacy: A randomized, controlled study.

Objective: Recommended as a 'universal precaution' for improving provider-patient communication, teach-back has a limited evidence base. Discharge from the emergency department (ED) to home is an important high-risk transition of care with potential for miscommunication of critical information. We examined whether teach-back improves: comprehension and perceived comprehension of discharge instructions and satisfaction among patients with limited health literacy (LHL) in the ED.

Neuropsychological test selection for cognitive impairment classification: A machine learning approach.

Introduction: Reducing the amount of testing required to accurately detect cognitive impairment is clinically relevant. The aim of this research was to determine the fewest number of clinical measures required to accurately classify participants as healthy older adult, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or dementia using a suite of classification techniques.

Method: Two variable selection machine learning models (i.

A pilot study to assess the utility and perceived effectiveness of a tool for diagnosing feeding difficulties in children.

Background: Food dislikes in children may result in avoiding particular food/s with major sources of essential nutrients leading to increased risk of impaired growth or cognitive development and compromised immune function. It is necessary to identify conditions contributing to feeding difficulty and associated complications. An instrument was designed to assist diagnosis and management of children with feeding difficulties.

Infants Fed a Lower Calorie Formula With 2'FL Show Growth and 2'FL Uptake Like Breast-Fed Infants.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine the growth and tolerance of infants fed infant formulas with a caloric density closer to human milk (HM) supplemented with human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and to study uptake of the HMOs.

Methods: A prospective, randomized, controlled, growth and tolerance study was conducted in healthy, singleton infants (birth weight ≥2490 g), who were enrolled by day of life (DOL) 5. Formula-fed infants were randomized to 1 of 3 formulas with a caloric density of 64.

Exposure to the complement C5b-9 complex sensitizes 661W photoreceptor cells to both apoptosis and necroptosis.

The loss of photoreceptors is the defining characteristic of many retinal degenerative diseases, but the mechanisms that regulate photoreceptor cell death are not fully understood. Here we have used the 661W cone photoreceptor cell line to ask whether exposure to the terminal complement complex C5b-9 induces cell death and/or modulates the sensitivity of these cells to other cellular stressors. 661W cone photoreceptors were exposed to complete normal human serum following antibody blockade of CD59.

Limited impact of 2 g/day omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters (Omacor®) on plasma lipids and inflammatory markers in patients awaiting carotid endarterectomy.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of prescription omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid ethyl esters (Omacor®) on blood pressure, plasma lipids, and inflammatory marker concentrations in patients awaiting carotid endarterectomy. Patients awaiting carotid endarterectomy (n = 121) were randomised to Omacor® or olive oil as placebo (2 g/day) until surgery (median 21 days). Blood pressure, plasma lipids, and plasma inflammatory markers were determined.

Retinal changes precede visual dysfunction in the complement factor H knockout mouse.

We previously reported that aged mice lacking complement factor H (CFH) exhibit visual defects and structural changes in the retina. However, it is not known whether this phenotype is age-related or is the consequence of disturbed development. To address this question we investigated the effect of Cfh gene deletion on the retinal phenotype of young and mid-age mice.