Artificial intelligence terminology, methodology, and critical appraisal: A primer for headache clinicians and researchers.

Objective: The goal is to provide an overview of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) methodology and appraisal tailored to clinicians and researchers in the headache field to facilitate interdisciplinary communications and research.

Background: The application of AI to the study of headache and other healthcare challenges is growing rapidly. It is critical that these findings be accurately interpreted by headache specialists, but this can be difficult for non-AI specialists.

Headache prevalence in transgender and gender diverse youth: A single-center case-control study.

Objective: Assess the prevalence of headache in transgender and gender-diverse adolescents, comparing prevalence with and without exposure to gender-affirming hormone therapy.

Background: Transgender and gender-diverse youth are an understudied group in whom we can study the effects of sex steroids on adolescents' development of headache. We hypothesized that transfeminine adolescents treated with estrogen would have higher odds of headache than those not treated, and that transmasculine adolescents treated with testosterone would have lower odds of headache than those not treated.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of headache: Issues, best-practices, and new directions, a narrative review.

Objective: To ensure readers are informed consumers of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research in headache, to outline ongoing challenges in this area of research, and to describe potential considerations when asked to collaborate on fMRI research in headache, as well as to suggest future directions for improvement in the field.

Background: Functional MRI has played a key role in understanding headache pathophysiology, and mapping networks involved with headache-related brain activity have the potential to identify intervention targets. Some investigators have also begun to explore its use for diagnosis.

Gender Minority Stress, Psychiatric Comorbidities, and the Experience of Migraine in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Individuals: a Narrative Review.

Purpose Of Review: This review aims to discuss the experience of migraine in transgender and gender-diverse individuals as it relates to other psychiatric comorbidities such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, and others. As this population faces stigma and discrimination, literature posits that gender minority stress can also contribute to the experience of pain in these individuals.

Recent Findings: Though there is little explicit data on these topics, more recent studies have explored the concept of gender minority stress and how stigma and discrimination can affect health outcomes and overall perception of health.

Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Congenital Cytomegalovirus With Failed Newborn Hearing Screen.

Background: In 2013, Utah enacted legislation requiring that infants failing newborn hearing screening be tested for cytomegalovirus infection. As a result, cytomegalovirus-infected infants are being identified because of hearing deficits. The neuroimaging findings in this population have not been characterized.

Sex matters during adolescence: testosterone-related cortical thickness maturation differs between boys and girls.

Age-related changes in cortical thickness have been observed during adolescence, including thinning in frontal and parietal cortices, and thickening in the lateral temporal lobes. Studies have shown sex differences in hormone-related brain maturation when boys and girls are age-matched, however, because girls mature 1-2 years earlier than boys, these sex differences could be confounded by pubertal maturation. To address puberty effects directly, this study assessed sex differences in testosterone-related cortical maturation by studying 85 boys and girls in a narrow age range and matched on sexual maturity.

Puberty influences medial temporal lobe and cortical gray matter maturation differently in boys than girls matched for sexual maturity.

Sex differences in age- and puberty-related maturation of human brain structure have been observed in typically developing age-matched boys and girls. Because girls mature 1-2 years earlier than boys, the present study aimed at assessing sex differences in brain structure by studying 80 adolescent boys and girls matched on sexual maturity, rather than age. We evaluated pubertal influences on medial temporal lobe (MTL), thalamic, caudate, and cortical gray matter volumes utilizing structural magnetic resonance imaging and 2 measures of pubertal status: physical sexual maturity and circulating testosterone.