Heavy metal incorporation in foraminiferal calcite under variable environmental and acute level seawater pollution: multi-element culture experiments for Amphisorus hemprichii.

The accelerated release of heavy metals into the coastal environments due to increasing anthropogenic activities poses a severe threat to local marine ecosystems and food chains. Although some heavy metals are essential nutrients for plants and animals, higher concentrations can be toxic and hazardous. To mitigate this threat, developing quantifiable proxies for monitoring heavy metal concentrations in near-shore marine environments is essential.

Geochemistry of large benthic foraminifera Amphisorus hemprichii as a high-resolution proxy for lead pollution in coastal environments.

Anthropogenic lead (Pb) contamination resulting from the rapid growth of industrialization in coastal environments poses significant challenges. In this study, we report a novel approach utilising the large benthic foraminifera Amphisorus hemprichii as a biogeochemical archive for monitoring Pb pollution in tropical to warm-temperate coastal waters. Live juvenile specimens of A.

Estimating the need for dental sedation. 2. Using IOSN as a health needs assessment tool.

Aim: This service evaluation assessed the need for sedation in a population of dental attenders (n = 607) in the North West of England.

Methods: Using the novel IOSN tool, three clinical domains of sedation need were assessed: treatment complexity, medical and behavioural indicators and patient reported anxiety using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale.

Results: The findings suggest that 5% of the population are likely to require a course of treatment under sedation at some time.

Estimating the need for dental sedation. 1. The Indicator of Sedation Need (IOSN) - a novel assessment tool.

While the control of pain and anxiety is fundamental to the practice of dentistry, the use of conscious sedation in dentistry is very variable among dentists. The need for conscious sedation could be considered by assessing and ranking a combination of information on patient anxiety, medical history and the complexity of the anticipated clinical treatment. By undertaking this systemtic assessment an indication of sedation need may be developed which would act as an aide to decision making and, potentially, referral management.

CD154-CD40 interactions in the control of murine B cell hematopoiesis.

Interactions between CD40 and CD154 play a very important role in control of immune responses, including the delivery of T cell help to B cells and other APCs. Thus far, there has been no role postulated for CD40-CD154 interactions in hematopoiesis. We show here that CD40 is expressed on murine pro-B cells and that its ligation enhances pro-B cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo.

Role and models for compensation of tobacco use prevention and cessation by oral health professionals.

Appropriate compensation of tobacco use prevention and cessation (TUPAC) would give oral health professionals better incentives to provide TUPAC, which is considered part of their professional and ethical responsibility and improves quality of care. Barriers for compensation are that tobacco addiction is not recognised as a chronic disease but rather as a behavioural disorder or merely as a risk factor for other diseases. TUPAC-related compensation should be available to oral health professionals, be in appropriate relation to other dental therapeutic interventions and should not be funded from existing oral health care budgets alone.

Consensus Report: 2nd European Workshop on Tobacco Use Prevention and Cessation for Oral Health Professionals.

Tobacco use has been identified as a major risk factor for oral disorders such as cancer and periodontal disease. Tobacco use cessation (TUC) is associated with the potential for reversal of precancer, enhanced outcomes following periodontal treatment, and better periodontal status compared to patients who continue to smoke. Consequently, helping tobacco users to quit has become a part of both the responsibility of oral health professionals and the general practice of dentistry.

Double-strand break induction and repair in V79-4 hamster cells: the role of core ionisations, as probed by ultrasoft X-rays.

Purpose: To compare the induction of double-strand breaks (DSB) in cells irradiated by 250 and 350 eV ultrasoft X-rays and assess the residual yield of breaks 2 hours post irradiation in order to unravel the correlation between the sharp increase in cell-killing efficiency of ultrasoft X-rays above versus below the carbon-K threshold (284 eV) and the induction of core events in DNA atoms.

Materials And Methods: V79-4 hamster cells were irradiated with synchrotron ultrasoft X-rays at isoattenuating energies of 250 eV and 350 eV. DSB were quantified using pulse field gel electrophoresis.

Stem cell factor/c-Kit signalling in normal and androgenetic alopecia hair follicles.

Androgens stimulate many hair follicles to alter hair colour and size via the hair growth cycle; in androgenetic alopecia tiny, pale hairs gradually replace large, pigmented ones. Since stem cell factor (SCF) is important in embryonic melanocyte migration and maintaining adult rodent pigmentation, we investigated SCF/c-Kit signalling in human hair follicles to determine whether this was altered in androgenetic alopecia. Quantitative immunohistochemistry detected three melanocyte-lineage markers and c-Kit in four focus areas: the epidermis, infundibulum, hair bulb (where pigment is formed) and mid-follicle outer root sheath (ORS).

Chronic dietary L-arginine down-regulates adenosine receptor and nitric oxide synthase expression in rat heart.

L-Arginine increases myocardial nitric oxide production. Nitric oxide mediates many of the cardiovascular actions of adenosine and modulates adenosine metabolism. In this study, we examined the effect of chronic L-arginine (5%) intake on cardiac nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and adenosine receptor expression and cardiac function in rat Langendorff-isolated perfused hearts.

Loss of vascular adenosine A1 receptors with age in the rat heart.

Objective: To investigate the effects of age on adenosine A1 receptor (ADORA1) mediated vascular, inotropic and chronotropic functional responses in isolated rat hearts.

Methods: NECA (5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido)adenosine) and R-PIA (R-N6-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine) concentration-response curves were produced in Langendorff prepared hearts isolated from immature (6 weeks), young (16 weeks) and mature (52 weeks) male Wistar rats and the effects of DPCPX (ADORA1 antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, 30 nM) and pertussis toxin pre-treatment (PTX, 48 h, 10 microg/kg i.p.

Adenosine A(3) receptor mediated coronary vasodilation in the rat heart: changes that occur with maturation.

Adenosine A(2B) and A(3) receptors (ADOR) have been reported to induce coronary vasodilation in the rat. This study investigated the effect of age on ADORA(3) mediated coronary responses using hearts from rats aged 6-8 weeks (immature), 16-18 weeks (young) and 52-54 weeks (mature) perfused in Langendorff mode. APNEA (ADORA(3)>ADORA(1) agonist) was observed to activate at least two receptor subtypes to mediate a biphasic vasodilator response in hearts from immature rats.

Novel and established potassium channel openers stimulate hair growth in vitro: implications for their modes of action in hair follicles.

Although ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel openers, e.g., minoxidil and diazoxide, can induce hair growth, their mechanisms require clarification.

Age-related changes in cardiac adenosine receptor expression.

Adenosine is an important cardioprotective agent that works via several adenosine receptor (ADOR) subtypes to regulate cardiovascular activity. It is well established that functional responses to adenosine decline with age. What is unclear, though, is whether these changes occur at the receptor, second messenger or translational level.

Processing of clustered DNA damage generates additional double-strand breaks in mammalian cells post-irradiation.

Clustered DNA damage sites, in which two or more lesions are formed within a few helical turns of the DNA after passage of a single radiation track, are signatures of DNA modifications induced by ionizing radiation in mammalian cells. Mutant hamster cells (xrs-5), deficient in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), were irradiated at 37 degrees C to determine whether any additional double-strand breaks (DSBs) are formed during processing of gamma-radiation-induced DNA clustered damage sites. A class of non-DSB clustered DNA damage, corresponding to approximately 30% of the initial yield of DSBs, is converted into DSBs reflecting an artefact of preparation of genomic DNA for pulsed field gel electrophoresis.

The geodemographic distribution of caries experience in neighboring fluoridated and nonfluoridated populations.

Objective: This study compares the geodemographic distribution of caries experience in neighboring fluoridated and nonfluoridated populations.

Methods: All 5-year-old children living in fluoridated (N=1,422) and nonfluoridated (N=4,779) areas of Cheshire, UK, were examined by trained and calibrated examiners. The Target Market level of the Super Profiles geodemographic classification was used to produce market penetration ranking reports for caries experience.

Clustered DNA damage induced by gamma radiation in human fibroblasts (HF19), hamster (V79-4) cells and plasmid DNA is revealed as Fpg and Nth sensitive sites.

The signature DNA lesion induced by ionizing radiation is clustered DNA damage. Gamma radiation-induced clustered DNA damage containing base lesions was investigated in plasmid DNA under cell mimetic conditions and in two cell lines, V79-4 (hamster) and HF19 (human), using bacterial endonucleases Nth (endonuclease III) and Fpg (formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase). Following irradiation with 60Co gamma-rays, induction of double-strand breaks (DSB) and clustered DNA damage, revealed as DSB by the proteins, was determined in plasmid using the plasmid-nicking assay and in cells by either conventional pulsed field gel electrophoresis or a hybridization assay, in which a 3 Mb restriction fragment of the X chromosome is used as a radioactive labeled probe.

Contribution of base lesions to radiation-induced clustered DNA damage: implication for models of radiation response.

Biophysical modeling of radiation-induced DNA damage shows that significant yields of clustered DNA damage are formed after energy deposition by a single radiation track. To date, the majority of studies on radiation-induced DNA damage in cells have concentrated on determination of the yields of single- and double-strand breaks (DSBs), the latter representing one type of clustered DNA damage. It was recognized, however, that clustered DNA damage, which does not contain a DSB, might contain a combination of DNA base lesions and single-strand breaks in proximity.

The hair follicle: a paradoxical androgen target organ.

Androgens are the main regulator of normal human hair growth. After puberty, they promote transformation of vellus follicles, producing tiny, unpigmented hairs, to terminal ones, forming larger pigmented hairs, in many areas, e.g.

Matching dental practice board data to the health authority population register.

Objective: To evaluate the process of matching Dental Practice Board (DPB) registration data to the health authority (HA) register for a defined locality. This included testing for the presence of socio-economic bias in the postcodes held in the DPB data sets and to determine if patients travelling to obtain primary dental care would have an effect on the matching process at health authority level.

Basic Research Design: All 21 general dental practitioners in Ellesmere Port, South Cheshire gave written consent for the DPB to provide files of their registered patients to the health authority.

Sentinel practices in dentistry: a preliminary evaluation.

The objectives of this study were to compare the socioeconomic make-up and the dental caries and dental treatment patterns of a general dental practice (GDP) population of five-year-old children with those of the total resident population of five-year-old children in a specific locality, and, secondly, to examine the process of gathering information on oral healthcare needs in primary dental care. The study was set in Halton, North Cheshire. Data were collected retrospectively from the patient records of four GDP sentinel' practices using a common data abstraction form.

Do androgens influence hair growth by altering the paracrine factors secreted by dermal papilla cells?

Androgens regulate many aspects of human hair growth in both sexes. After puberty they transform tiny vellus follicles in many areas, e.g.

The utility of anonymised postcoded registration data provided by the Dental Practice Board.

Objective: To evaluate the completeness of the postcodes held in the data sets of the Dental Practice Board (DPB), and the use of the location of the dental practice at which a patient is registered, as a proxy for the location of their residential address.

Basic Research Design: A cross-sectional evaluation of anonymised person-based registration data held by the DPB. The study population was all children aged under 6 years registered with a dentist in the North West Region of England.

Dependence of the yield of DNA double-strand breaks in Chinese hamster V79-4 cells on the photon energy of ultrasoft X rays.

Induction of DNA DSBs by low-LET radiations reflects clustered damage produced predominantly by low-energy, secondary electron "track ends". Cell inactivation and induction of DSBs and their rejoining, assayed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, were determined in Chinese hamster V79-4 cells irradiated as a monolayer with characteristic carbon K-shell (CK) (0.28 keV), aluminum K-shell (AlK) (1.

Comparing the ability of different area measures of socioeconomic status to segment a population according to caries prevalence.

Objective: to compare the ability of different area based indicators of socio-economic status to segment a population of 5-year-old children according to caries prevalence.

Basic Research Design: The study population consisted of all 5-year-old children in seven districts in the North West Region of England who were examined in whole population surveys during the 1995/6 NHS epidemiological survey. This population was segmented according to caries prevalence by market penetration analyses using Super Profiles and the ONS geodemographic classifications, Jarman and Townsend (at ward and ED level) deprivation indices, the single census variables of unemployment and percentage of households without a car, and also the school that the children attended.