Iatrogenic Horner Syndrome: Etiology, Diagnosis and Outcomes.

The identification and prompt diagnosis of Horner syndrome (HS) is essential for preventing permanent damage. HS may arise when a lesion presents anywhere along the three-neuron oculosympathetic pathway that begins at the posterior-lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus all the way through to the orbit. We present four cases and review the literature to familiarize the reader with the identification, diagnosis and treatment of Horner syndrome.

Epiretinal membrane in diabetes mellitus patients screened by nonmydriatic fundus camera.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of epiretinal membrane (ERM) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to assess the associated risk factors.

Design: Retrospective, cross sectional study.

Methods: Patients with T2DM, seen for annual follow-up between 2009 and 2010, were evaluated by digital nonmydriatic retinal photography for the detection of diabetic retinopathy.