Ester prodrugs of morphine improve transdermal drug delivery: a mechanistic study.

Two alkyl esters of morphine, morphine propionate (MPR) and morphine enanthate (MEN), were synthesized as potential prodrugs for transdermal delivery. The ester prodrugs could enhance transdermal morphine delivery. The mechanisms of this enhancing effect were elucidated in this study.

Transdermal delivery of tea catechins and theophylline enhanced by terpenes: a mechanistic study.

Using in vitro and in vivo techniques, terpenes were evaluated as enhancers to improve the skin permeation of therapeutically active agents derived from tea, including tea catechins and theophylline. The in vitro permeation was determined by Franz cells. The skin deposition and subcutaneous amounts of drugs sampled by microdialysis were evaluated in vivo.

The effects of electrically assisted methods on transdermal delivery of nalbuphine benzoate and sebacoyl dinalbuphine ester from solutions and hydrogels.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of iontophoresis and electroporation on transdermal delivery of nalbuphine (NA) and its two novel prodrugs: nalbuphine benzoate (NAB) and sebacoyl dinalbuphine ester (SDN) from solutions as well as from hydrogels. Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were used in hydrogel formulations to evaluate their feasibility for delivery of NA and its prodrugs. Application of iontophoresis or electroporation significantly enhanced the in vitro permeation of NA and its prodrugs.