A Reporting Checklist for Discrete Choice Experiments in Health: The DIRECT Checklist.

Background: Reporting standards of discrete choice experiments (DCEs) in health have not kept pace with the growth of this method, with multiple reviews calling for better reporting to improve transparency, assessment of validity and translation. A key missing piece has been the absence of a reporting checklist that details minimum standards of what should be reported, as exists for many other methods used in health economics.

Methods: This paper reports the development of a reporting checklist for DCEs in health, which involved a scoping review to identify potential items and a Delphi consensus study among 45 DCE experts internationally to select items and guide the wording and structure of the checklist.

Participation and psychosocial supports in the school setting for children with type 1 diabetes: A discrete choice experiment of carer priority.

School-based diabetes care is an important consideration for clinicians and families alike. This Discrete-Choice Experiment describes parental preference for enhanced psychosocial and activity-focused supports over academic supports for children with Type 1 diabetes in Australian primary and secondary schools.

Menu choice stated preference tasks to capture demand complementarity in health.

Health programs/services are often bundled, allowing for both substitution and complementarity. We adapt Discrete Choice Experiments to capture bundling, with application to a case study of exercise and nutrition; complementarity arises due to the goal of improving health. Our contributions are (1) to present a menu-based choice experiment to explore bundling; (2) to analyse the menu-based data using an extension of the choice set generation model (GenL) to account for correlations between bundles and component singles.

Retrospective analysis of the impact of electronic medical record alerts on low value care in a pediatric hospital.

Objectives: Hospital costs continue to rise unsustainably. Up to 20% of care is wasteful including low value care (LVC). This study aimed to understand whether electronic medical record (EMR) alerts are effective at reducing pediatric LVC and measure the impact on hospital costs.

Will a fee-for-service payment for a young people's health assessment in general practice increase the detection of health risk behaviours and health conditions? Protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial (RAd Health Trial).

Introduction: Adolescence is a period of major transition in physical, cognitive, social and emotional development, and the peak time for the onset of mental health conditions, substance use disorders and sexual and reproductive health risks. Prevention and treatment during this time can improve health and well-being now and into the future. However, despite clinical guidelines recommending annual preventive health assessments for young people, health professionals cite lack of consultation time and adequate funding as key barriers.

The role of mental health in online gambling decisions: A discrete choice experiment.

People with mental health problems are more likely to experience problems due to gambling, an intersection of two sources of social disadvantage. However, the mechanisms by which this occurs remain unclear. Analysing if choices while gambling differ for people with mental health problems, and whether these differences involve characteristics linked with gambling harms, can improve this understanding.

Impact of prevention in primary care on costs in primary and secondary care for people with serious mental illness.

A largely unexplored part of the financial incentive for physicians to participate in preventive care is the degree to which they are the residual claimant from any resulting cost savings. We examine the impact of two preventive activities for people with serious mental illness (care plans and annual reviews of physical health) by English primary care practices on costs in these practices and in secondary care. Using panel two-part models to analyze patient-level data linked across primary and secondary care, we find that these preventive activities in the previous year are associated with cost reductions in the current quarter both in primary and secondary care.

Preferences of parents for mental health services to suit children with chronic medical conditions.

Objectives To identify features of mental health services that affect the uptake of services among parents of children with chronic medical conditions, to inform the design of pathways into mental health care. Methods A discrete choice experiment in which participants made choices between hypothetical mental health services described in terms of service features: cost, wait time, provider knowledge of chronic medical conditions, recommendations, opening hours, and travel time. Participants were parents of children attending The Royal Children's Hospital outpatient clinics for the management of a chronic medical condition who completed the online survey between August 2020 and January 2021.

Two for the price of one: If moving beyond traditional single-best discrete choice experiments, should we use best-worst, best-best or ranking for preference elicitation?

This study undertook a head-to-head comparison of best-worst, best-best and ranking discrete choice experiments (DCEs) to help decide which method to use if moving beyond traditional single-best DCEs. Respondents were randomized to one of three preference elicitation methods. Rank-ordered (exploded) mixed logit models and respondent-reported data were used to compare methods and first and second choices.

An Economic Model of Gambling Behaviour: A Two-Stage Approach.

Gambling can cause significant harms and these can result in a net negative utility from participation, although lower levels of participation have potential benefits and can yield positive net utility. It is therefore important to understand and distinguish between these two stages of gambling behaviour. Currently, economic models have had limited focus on explaining why someone would gamble despite it yielding a negative utility.

Costing of an Australian general practice COVID-19 drive-through testing and respiratory clinic.

Background: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic requires safe and efficient testing on a large scale over a prolonged period. Outpatient testing facilities can clinically assess and test symptomatic individuals and test asymptomatic contacts. This study identified the resources required to establish and maintain an Australian general practitioner (GP) led testing facility that combined a respiratory clinic for clinical assessment and testing with a drive-through testing facility.

Primary care consumers’ experiences and opinions of a telehealth consultation delivered via video during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study examined consumers' experiences and opinions of a videoconference with a primary healthcare professional, and estimated the value of travel and time savings for consumers compared with face-to-face consultations. The online survey was conducted in Melbourne, Australia, between October 2020 and May 2021. The sample (n = 499) was highly educated (Bachelor degree or higher, 79%; 393/499), predominately female (70%; 347/499), mainly spoke English at home (78%; 390/499) and had a mean age of 31.

Working out dads (WOD): a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of a group-based peer support intervention for men experiencing mental health difficulties in early fatherhood.

Background: Approximately one in ten men experience mental health difficulties during the early years of fatherhood, and these can have negative impacts on children and families. However, few evidence-based interventions targeting fathers' mental health are available. The aim of the trial is to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Working Out Dads (WOD) - a facilitated peer support group intervention for fathers of young children, in reducing psychological distress and other mental health symptoms.

Mental healthcare for children with chronic conditions: a qualitative study.

Objective: To explore parent perspectives on accessing mental healthcare for children with a chronic physical health condition.

Design: Qualitative research using semistructured interviews and Framework Analysis. Rankings were used to select attributes for a Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE).

Social acceptability of standard and behavioral economic inspired policies designed to reduce and prevent obesity.

The obesity epidemic is a significant public policy issue facing the international community, resulting in substantial costs to individuals and society. Various policies have been suggested to reduce and prevent obesity, including those informed by standard economics (a key feature of which is the assumption that individuals are rational) and behavioral economics (which identifies and harness deviations from rationality). It is not known which policy interventions taxpayers find acceptable and would prefer to fund via taxation.

Is 'minimally adequate treatment' really adequate? investigating the effect of mental health treatment on quality of life for children with mental health problems.

Background: Minimally adequate treatment (MAT) is intended to represent treatment minimally sufficient for common mental health problems. For children, MAT has been defined over a twelve-month period as either eight or more mental health visits, or four to seven visits plus relevant medication. MAT is used to identify those missing out on adequate care, but it is unknown whether MAT improves children's outcomes.

Healthcare Costs for People with Serious Mental Illness in England: An Analysis of Costs Across Primary Care, Hospital Care, and Specialist Mental Healthcare.

Background: Serious mental illness (SMI) is a set of disabling conditions associated with poor outcomes and high healthcare utilisation. However, little is known about patterns of utilisation and costs across sectors for people with SMI.

Objective: The aim was to develop a costing methodology and estimate annual healthcare costs for people with SMI in England across primary and secondary care settings.

Impact of family practice continuity of care on unplanned hospital use for people with serious mental illness.

Objective: To investigate whether continuity of care in family practice reduces unplanned hospital use for people with serious mental illness (SMI).

Data Sources: Linked administrative data on family practice and hospital utilization by people with SMI in England, 2007-2014.

Study Design: This observational cohort study used discrete-time survival analysis to investigate the relationship between continuity of care in family practice and unplanned hospital use: emergency department (ED) presentations, and unplanned admissions for SMI and ambulatory care-sensitive conditions (ACSC).

Antipsychotic choice: understanding shared decision-making among doctors and patients.

Background: In deciding pharmacotherapy treatment, doctors have to balance the risks and benefits of treatment, and their preferences may not always align with patient preferences.

Aim: A pilot study to explore decision-making regarding treatment with antipsychotic medications among doctors and patients.

Methods: A discrete choice experiment (DCE), comprised of systematically structured choice tasks, in which doctors and patients were asked to trade off between attributes of antipsychotic medications, each described in terms of mode of administration, effectiveness (on positive and negative symptoms) and side effect profiles.

Is socioeconomic inequality in postnatal depression an early-life root of disadvantage for children?

This paper investigates the role that socioeconomic inequality in postnatal depression might play in intergenerational transmission of inequality. Infants' development is thought to be particularly sensitive to mothers' mental health at this time, suggesting that greater early-life exposure to maternal depression among disadvantaged groups might be a root of later socioeconomic inequalities. Heightened contact with health services during this period presents opportunities for intervention, but higher unmet need for treatment of postnatal depression among the disadvantaged might be widening inequalities.

Association Between Antipsychotic Polypharmacy and Outcomes for People With Serious Mental Illness in England.

Objective: Although U.K. and international guidelines recommend monotherapy, antipsychotic polypharmacy among patients with serious mental illness is common in clinical practice.