Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography - time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) for the investigation of botanical origin of raw spirits.

Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography - time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) with sample introduction using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was used for the botanical classification of raw spirits obtained from C3 (corn and sorghum) and C4 (rye, wheat and potato) plants. 45 spirit samples representing these raw materials (10 spirits produced from rye, corn, wheat and potato, and 5 from sorghum) were analyzed. Volatile compounds profiles were compared by PCA, and after removal of outliers samples were subjected to the classification model.

Combining Targeted Metabolomics with Untargeted Volatilomics for Unraveling the Impact of Sprouting on the Volatiles and Aroma of False Flax () Cold-Pressed Oil.

Sprouting of stored oilseeds due to improper storage can lead to quality defects of cold-pressed oils obtained from them. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of seed sprouting on volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aroma-active compounds, and the content of nonvolatile metabolites in cold-pressed false flax oil obtained from sprouted seeds. In this study, 88 unique VOCs were detected in sprouted oils, whereas only 42 were found in the control oils.

Cape Gooseberry ( L.) Volatile Compounds Determination by Vacuum-Assisted Sorbent Extraction (VASE)-Selected Aspects.

Vacuum-Assisted Sorbent Extraction (VASE) is a novel extraction technique that uses vacuum to facilitate the transfer of volatile compounds from the matrix to the sorbent. This technique was explored for extraction of volatiles from cape gooseberry fruit, for both qualitative and quantitative analyses. Selected extraction parameters were tested: sample size, extraction temperature and time, influence of tissue disintegration on release of volatiles, and also addition of Ag ions in the form of AgNO to stop enzymatic formation of volatile compounds.

Unravelling the importance of seed roasting for oil quality by the non-targeted volatilomics and targeted metabolomics of cold-pressed false flax (Camelina sativa L.) oil and press cakes.

False flax (Camelina sativa L.), known as camelina, is an ancient oil plant that has gathered renewed interest. In this study, a comprehensive analysis encompassing nontargeted volatilomics and targeted, quantitative metabolomics performed for cold-pressed oil and press cake and was integrated with sensory analysis of cold-pressed camelina oil and the effect of seed roasting was evaluated.

Betaine supplementation modulates betaine concentration by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype, but has no effect on amino acid profile in healthy active males: A randomized placebo-controlled cross-over study.

Betaine supplementation is used by athletes, but its mechanism of action is still not fully understood. We hypothesized that betaine supplementation would increase betaine concentration and alter amino acid profiles in relation to MTHFR genotype and dose in physically active males. The study followed a randomized placebo-controlled cross-over design.

Application of Sorbent-Based Extraction Techniques in Food Analysis.

This review presents an outline of the application of the most popular sorbent-based methods in food analysis. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is discussed based on the analyses of lipids, mycotoxins, pesticide residues, processing contaminants and flavor compounds, whereas solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is discussed having volatile and flavor compounds but also processing contaminants in mind. Apart from these two most popular methods, other techniques, such as stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), high-capacity sorbent extraction (HCSE), and needle-trap devices (NTD), are outlined.

Automated sequential SPME addressing the displacement effect in food samples.

The displacement effect can be an issue for the quantitation of analytes with low affinity towards the extraction phase in solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for food samples that have low level of binding matrix or high level of hydrophobic compounds. In this communication, automated sequential SPME-GC-MS strategy was developed for addressing the displacement issue. The SPME thin film with PDMS coating was firstly used for the extraction of hydrophobic components in the sample which cause displacement and then SPME fiber with DVB/CAR/PDMS coating was applied in the second step for the extraction of the remain compounds.

The Effect of Organic and Conventional Cultivation Systems on the Profile of Volatile Organic Compounds in Winter Wheat Grain, Including Susceptibility to Fusarium Head Blight.

The grain of 30 winter wheat cultivars differing in terms of their resistance to FHB (Fusarium head blight) was tested. The cultivars were grown in four variants of field trials established in a split-plot design: control without fungicides, chemical control of FHB with fungicides after inoculation, head inoculation, and organic cultivation. The profile of volatile compounds in grain samples was determined by mean headspace-solid phase microextraction and analyzed by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy.

Bioethanol production from sorghum grain with Zymomonas mobilis: increasing the yield and quality of raw distillates.

Background: The present study aimed to demonstrate the superiority of bioethanol yield and its quality from sorghum using the granular starch degrading enzyme Stargen™ 002 over simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, and separate hydrolysis and fermentation using Zymomonas mobilis CCM 3881 and Ethanol Red® yeast.

Results: Bacteria were found to produce ethanol at higher yield than the yeast in all fermentations. The highest ethanol yield was obtained with Z.

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry as a tool for tracking roasting-induced changes in the volatilome of cold-pressed rapeseed oil.

The aim of this study was to track changes in the volatilome of cold-pressed oil and press cakes obtained from roasted seeds and to combine it with the profile of non-volatile metabolites in a single study, in order to understand pathways of volatile organic compound (VOC) formation caused by thermal processing. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry was used for the analysis of VOCs in cold-pressed oils and corresponding press cakes obtained after roasting of seeds at 140 and 180 °C prior to pressing. Contents of primary metabolites (amino acids, saccharides, fatty acids) as well as selected secondary metabolites (glucosinolates, polyphenols) were determined, as many of them serve as precursors to volatile compounds formed especially in thermal reactions.

Role of Sulfur Compounds in Vegetable and Mushroom Aroma.

At the base of the food pyramid is vegetables, which should be consumed most often of all food products, especially in raw and unprocessed form. Vegetables and mushrooms are rich sources of bioactive compounds that can fulfill various functions in plants, starting from protection against herbivores and being natural insecticides to pro-health functions in human nutrition. Many of these compounds contain sulfur in their structure.

Possibilities of Using Medicinal Plant Extracts and Salt-Containing Raw Materials from the Aral Region for Cosmetic Purposes.

The aim of this work was to study the possibility of using medicinal plants in combination with salt-containing raw materials from the Aral Sea region for cosmetic purposes. The chemical and mineralogical compositions of salts occurring in this region were studied for pharmacological and cosmetic purposes. The salt-containing raw materials were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Chemical Changes in the Broccoli Volatilome Depending on the Tissue Treatment.

The storage of plant samples as well as sample preparation for extraction have a significant impact on the profile of metabolites, however, these factors are often overlooked during experiments on vegetables or fruit. It was hypothesized that parameters such as sample storage (freezing) and sample pre-treatment methods, including the comminution technique or applied enzyme inhibition methods, could significantly influence the extracted volatile metabolome. Significant changes were observed in the volatile profile of broccoli florets frozen in liquid nitrogen at -20 °C.

Key Odorants of Raw and Cooked Green Kohlrabi ( var. L.).

Volatile compounds of raw and cooked green kohlrabi were investigated using a sensomics approach. A total of 55 odor-active compounds were detected and identified in raw and cooked green kohlrabi using GC-O. Twenty-eight odor-active compounds with high flavor dilution (FD) factors ranging from 64 to 1024 were quantitated, and odor activity values (OAVs) were determined.

Determination of Volatile Terpenes in Coriander Cold Pressed Oil by Vacuum Assisted Sorbent Extraction (VASE).

Cold-pressed plant oils are of high interest to consumers due to their unique and interesting flavors. As they are usually only pressed at low temperatures and filtered, without further processing stages (as refining), they preserve their character that originates from the plant the oil was extracted from. Coriander cold pressed oil is gaining popularity as a novel product, obtained from its fruits/seeds; due to the high amount of terpenes, it has very characteristic flavor.

Human Saliva-Mediated Hydrolysis of Eugenyl-β-D-Glucoside and Fluorescein-di-β-D-Glucoside in In Vivo and In Vitro Models.

Eugenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, also referred to as Citrusin C, is a natural glucoside found among others in cloves, basil and cinnamon plants. Eugenol in a form of free aglycone is used in perfumeries, flavourings, essential oils and in medicinal products. Synthetic Citrusin C was incubated with human saliva in several in vitro models together with substrate-specific enzyme and antibiotics (clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate).

Changes in Volatile Compound Profiles in Cold-Pressed Oils Obtained from Various Seeds during Accelerated Storage.

Cold-pressed oils are highly valuable sources of unsaturated fatty acids which are prone to oxidation processes, resulting in the formation of lipid oxidation products, which may deteriorate the sensory quality of the produced oil. The aim of the study was to determine the main volatile compounds which differentiate examined oils and could be used as the markers of lipid oxidation in various oils. In the experiment, cold-pressed oils-brown flaxseed, golden flaxseed, hempseed, milk thistle, black cumin, pumpkin, white poppy seed, blue poppy seed, white sesame, black sesame and argan oils from raw and roasted kernels-were analyzed.

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) in conventional and reversed column configuration for the investigation of Baijiu aroma types and regional origin.

Baijiu is a traditional Chinese spirit with an extraordinarily rich pattern of volatile compounds resulting from the microflora involved in fermentation, as well as the complexity of technological process. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in the conventional and reversed column setups (non-polar - polar and polar - non-polar columns) was tested for its ability to differentiate Baijiu samples in terms of their aroma and origin (region). A total of 65 Baijiu samples were used for the study and volatile compounds were extracted by SPME with a subsequent analysis by GC×GC-TOFMS.

Inactivation of Thioglucosidase from (White Mustard) Seed by Metal Salts.

The glucosinolates which are specialized plant metabolites of vegetables are prone to hydrolysis catalyzed by an endogenous enzyme myrosinase (thioglycoside hydrolase, thioglucosidase) that exists in Brassica plant tissue causing volatile isothiocyanates release. Currently existing literature data on the inactivation of myrosinase is insufficient in particular for use in the analysis of volatile and odor compounds in vegetables rich in glucosinolates. In this study, the impact of different metal salts in effective inactivation of enzyme activity was investigated by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and GC/MS system in aqueous samples and kohlrabi matrix.

Rapid analysis of Baijiu volatile compounds fingerprint for their aroma and regional origin authenticity assessment.

Solid-phase microextraction - mass spectrometry (SPME-MS) and fast gas chromatography based electronic nose (GC-E-Nose) were used and compared for their suitability to distinguish Baijiu of various aroma types and geographical origin. Baijiu is a traditional Chinese distilled spirit produced with complex consortia of microorganisms, which results in very complex aroma compounds profiles. A total of 65 Baijiu samples representing 6 aromas were investigated.

Metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women is associated with lower erythrocyte PUFA/MUFA and n-3/n-6 ratio: A case-control study.

The aim of this study was to compare fatty acid (FA) intake and status in postmenopausal women with or without metabolic syndrome (MetS). 131 women were recruited to a case-control study in 2016-2018 in Poznań, Poland. Dietary intake, anthropometric and biochemical measurements, FA level in red blood cells (RBCs), and FADS1 (rs174546) and FADS2 (rs3834458) genotypes were determined.

The Role of Sugars in the Regulation of the Level of Endogenous Signaling Molecules during Defense Response of Yellow Lupine to .

Soluble sugars such as sucrose, glucose and fructose in plant host cells not only play the role as donors of carbon skeletons, but they may also induce metabolic signals influencing the expression of defense genes. These metabolites function in a complex network with many bioactive molecules, which independently or in dialogue, induce successive defense mechanisms. The aim of this study was to determine the involvement of sucrose and monosaccharides as signaling molecules in the regulation of the levels of phytohormones and hydrogen peroxide participating in the defense responses of L.

Influence of Changes in the Level of Volatile Compounds Emitted during Rapeseed Quality Degradation on the Reaction of MOS Type Sensor-Array.

This study presents the applicability of a three-parameters method for digital description of spoiled rapeseed odor based on the use of an electronic nose. The method consists of the use of three parameters to describe the sensor response, i.e.