How Low-Paid Parents Navigate The Complex Financial Landscape Of Benefits Cliffs And Disincentive Deserts.

Policy makers are concerned that benefits cliffs-the phenomenon by which low-paid workers abruptly lose public benefits as their wages increase-may disincentivize work. The related concept of disincentive deserts refers to occasions when pay increases have little or no effect on a worker's financial well-being because of the resulting gradual reductions in public benefits. Little is known about how low-paid workers navigate this complex financial terrain.

Material Hardships, Perceived Stress, and Health among Low-Wage Hospital Workers.

Many service, clerical, and technical hospital workers deemed essential during the pandemic have wages that do not reflect the essential nature of their work and do not earn enough income to cover basic expenses. Thus, many experience material hardships related to food, housing, and medical care. Previous studies have shown strong relationships between material hardships and health; however, they do not fully explain the role of stress as an intervening mechanism.

From Child Welfare to Jail: Mediating Effects of Juvenile Justice Placement and Other System Involvement.

This study examines the effects of child welfare, mental health, and drug/alcohol system experiences on jail involvement, as mediated by juvenile justice placement, for Black and White youth/young adults. The sample was comprised of individuals born between 1985 and 1994 with child welfare involvement in an urban Pennsylvania county ( = 37,079) and an out-of-home placement (OOHP) subsample ( = 8,317). Four path models were estimated (two full samples, two subsamples; separate models for Black and White youth).

Perioperative Understanding of Geriatric Patients.

Surgical treatment of the elderly can be a very difficult and complex endeavor. Appropriate and thorough evaluation of this group of patients is essential to identify surgical candidates who may be at increased risk for developing age-related problems, such as cognitive impairment or postoperative delirium. Involvement of family members and ancillary caregivers is ideal.

Social Justice for Crossover Youth: The Intersection of the Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice Systems.

Social workers are critical to promoting racial and social justice. "Crossover youth," a term used to describe youths who have contact with both the child welfare and juvenile justice systems, are an especially vulnerable but often overlooked population with whom social workers engage. A disproportionate number of crossover youth are African American.

A typology of drug selling among young adults in the United States.

Background: Although studies have found that young adults who sell drugs are more likely to be involved in risky behaviors than those who do not sell drugs, there has been relatively little research that has explored heterogeneity among young adults who sell drugs.

Methods: Using a pooled sample of 18 to 25 year olds from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2006-2010) who report past-year drug selling (N = 5,373), this study employs latent profile analysis to specify latent groups and assess the correlates of group membership.

Results: Findings indicate substantial differences among young adults who sell drugs.

Looking back and thinking forward: examining the consequences of policies and practices that treat juveniles as adults.

This article examines the consequences of legislative changes that eased the process of treating juveniles as adults. Overall, it finds evidence that there has been an increase in the number of juveniles sent to the criminal court and the majority either remain in the community or return to the community shortly after serving a jail or prison sentence. In light of geographic and racial/ethnic disparities in transfer, differences in the programs and services offered to youth in the juvenile and criminal justice systems, and higher rates of recidivism among transferred offenders, the article supports the contention of many scholars and advocates that there is a need for policy and practice reform.

How different are their experiences and outcomes? Comparing aged out and other child welfare involved youth.

This paper adds to the growing body of research examining the experiences of youth aging out of the child welfare system. Through a comparison of youth aging out with two other groups of child welfare-involved youth-those whose families received child welfare services but were never placed out of home and those who were in out-of-home placement but did not age out-it presents a profile of their care careers and other system involvement (e.g.

Patterns and correlates of illicit drug selling among youth in the USA.

PURPOSE: Despite the high rates of drug selling among youth in juvenile justice and youth residing in disadvantage neighborhoods, relatively little is known about the patterns of illicit drug selling among youth in the general population. METHODS: Using the public-use data file from the adolescent sample (N = 17 842) in the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), this study employed multiple logistic regression to compare the behavioral, parental involvement, and prevention experiences of youth who sold and did not sell illicit drugs in the past year. RESULTS: Findings from a series of logistic regression models indicated youth who sold drugs were far more likely to use a wide variety of drugs and engage in delinquent acts.

Patterns of mental health, substance abuse, and justice system involvement among youth aging out of child welfare.

Although research on youth aging out of the child welfare system has increased, there has been limited focus on how their experiences vary. In particular, there is a need to examine patterns in the involvement of these youth in other systems, which indicate constellations of challenges facing these young people as they transition out of care and into adulthood. Using administrative data from a large birth cohort of individuals born between 1985 and 1994 whose families have been involved in the child welfare system, this article presents an analysis of the mental health, substance abuse, juvenile justice, and criminal justice system involvement of youth who have aged out of child welfare.

Incarcerating juveniles in adult prisons as a factor in depression.

Background: While existing research has shown higher prevalence of depression among incarcerated youths compared with non-incarcerated youths, none has studied incarceration as a cause of depression.

Aims/hypothesis: This study suggests that incarceration, in particular placement of youths in adult incarceration, is a factor in developing depression.

Method: A records based comparison of depression among youths in different types of incarceration with non-incarcerated youths, controlling for other predictors of depression, namely offence type, family poverty, parents' history of incarceration and demographic profile.

Are girls really becoming more delinquent? Testing the gender convergence hypothesis by race and ethnicity, 1976-2005.

Historically, girls have been less delinquent than boys. However, increased justice system involvement among girls and current portrayals of girls in the popular media and press suggest that girls' delinquency, particularly their violence and drug use, is becoming more similar to that of boys. Are girls really becoming more delinquent? To date, this question remains unresolved.