Macrophage HIF-1α Is an Independent Prognostic Indicator in Kidney Cancer.

Purpose: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is frequently associated with inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor, resulting in activation of HIF-1α and HIF-2α. The current paradigm, established using mechanistic cell-based studies, supports a tumor promoting role for HIF-2α, and a tumor suppressor role for HIF-1α. However, few studies have comprehensively examined the clinical relevance of this paradigm.

Improving Augmented Human Intelligence to Distinguish Burkitt Lymphoma From Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Cases.

Objectives: To assess and improve the assistive role of a deep, densely connected convolutional neural network (CNN) to hematopathologists in differentiating histologic images of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) from diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).

Methods: A total of 10,818 images from BL (n = 34) and DLBCL (n = 36) cases were used to either train or apply different CNNs. Networks differed by number of training images and pixels of images, absence of color, pixel and staining augmentation, and depth of the network, among other parameters.

Reliability and Validity of Proposed Risk Stratification Methods for Laboratory Developed Tests.

Objectives: To determine whether different laboratory developed test (LDT) risk stratification proposals would assign differing levels of risk to selected LDTs as a measure of the validity of those proposals, and whether there would be differing interrater agreement rates as a measure of the reliability of those proposals.

Methods: A total of 4 reviewers applied 6 proposals for risk stratification of 4 LDTs. Interrater agreement was calculated as a measure of the reliability of the proposals.

Laboratory-Developed Tests: A Legislative and Regulatory Review.

Background: Twenty-five years ago, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) asserted in a draft document that "home brew" tests-now commonly referred to as laboratory-developed tests (LDTs)-are subject to the same regulatory oversight as other in vitro diagnostics (IVDs). In 2010, the FDA began work on developing a proposed framework for future LDT oversight. Released in 2014, the draft guidance sparked an intense debate over potential LDT regulation.

Cutaneous epithelioid osteoblastoma.

Epithelioid osteoblastomas (EOB) typically arise in the axial skeleton of young adults, but there are rare case reports of the lesion arising in soft tissue. To date, only 1 case has been reported in the skin, and it has been debated in the literature if that case was truly a neoplasm. With the availability of the new osteoblastic marker SAT2B, the authors present a case of an EOB with confirmed osteoblastic differentiation arising in the tattooed skin of a 32-year-old army veteran.