Spatial and Depth Profiling of Agricultural Formulations in Leaf Tissue Using LAESI Mass Spectrometry.

Formulating agrochemical products involves combining several chemical components, including the active ingredient(s), to obtain a final product with desirable efficacy. A formulated product incorporates additional components to modulate properties that enhance the efficacy of the active(s) by modifying physical properties such as viscosity, hydrophobicity, miscibility, and others. In plants, understanding the formulation's ability to spread on tissues and penetrate through the outer layer is critical in evaluating the efficacy of the final product.

Genomic analysis of azithromycin-resistant from food animals at slaughter and processing, and retail meats, 2011-2021, United States.

Macrolides of different ring sizes are critically important antimicrobials for human medicine and veterinary medicine, though the widely used 15-membered ring azithromycin in humans is not approved for use in veterinary medicine. We document here the emergence of azithromycin-resistant among the NARMS culture collections between 2011 and 2021 in food animals and retail meats, some with co-resistance to ceftriaxone or decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. We also provide insights into the underlying genetic mechanisms and genomic contexts, including the first report of a novel combination of azithromycin resistance determinants and the characterization of multidrug-resistant plasmids.

High burden of sexually transmitted infections among under-resourced populations in the Dominican Republic.

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major health issue, exacerbated by limited financial and infrastructural resources in developing countries.

Methods: Prevalence of STIs was assessed in two urban centers of the Dominican Republic (DR) among populations at high risk for STIs: pregnant youth, men who have sex with men (MSM), trans women (TG), batey residents, female sex workers, and people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We conducted a cross-sectional survey and biological specimen collection to screen for (trichomoniasis), (syphilis), HIV, hepatitis B and C, and (HPV) among at-risk populations between 2015 and 2018.

Development of core competencies for field veterinary epidemiology training programs.

A workforce with the adequate field epidemiology knowledge, skills and abilities is the foundation of a strong and effective animal health system. Field epidemiology training is conducted in several countries to meet the increased global demand for such a workforce. However, core competencies for field veterinary epidemiology have not been identified and agreed upon globally, leading to the development of different training curricula.

Investigation of fragmentation pathways of protonated 2-methoxypyrimidine derivatives.

Several representative pyrimidine derivatives were selected to undergo electrospray ionization (ESI) followed by collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID MS/MS) experiments. Two competitive pathways were found to govern the formation of major fragment ions from protonated species of these molecules. The pathways were largely affected by the 2-O-methyl group but not significantly influenced by the substitution on C-5 site of the pyrimidine ring.

Participatory and Transdisciplinary Studies of Infection in Humans and Animals in Yunnan Province, China-Lessons Learned.

Brucellosis is an important zoonosis occurring globally. In addition to the risk for disease in humans, the disease causes production losses, since the disease in livestock is characterized by abortion and other reproductive failures. The disease is a public health concern in China, but no information is available on knowledge, perception and awareness of potential risk groups such as farmers, butchers and animal health workers; yet successful control requires compliance of those affected groups to be effective.

Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Incompatibility Group FIB Positive Serovar Typhimurium Isolates from Food Animal Sources.

is one of the most common bacterial foodborne pathogens in the United States, causing illnesses that range from self-limiting gastroenteritis to more severe, life threatening invasive disease. Many strains contain plasmids that carry virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and/or transfer genes which allow them to adapt to diverse environments, and these can include incompatibility group (Inc) FIB plasmids. This study was undertaken to evaluate the genomic and phenotypic characteristics of IncFIB-positive serovar Typhimurium isolates from food animal sources, to identify their plasmid content, assess antimicrobial resistance and virulence properties, and compare their genotypic isolates with more recently isolated Typhimurium isolates from food animal sources.

Perceived Importance of Health Concerns Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Adults in a National, Probability-Based Phone Survey, 2017.

Perceptions of the importance of health problems can drive advocacy, policy change, resource distribution, and individual behaviors. However, little is known about how lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT), that is, sexual and gender minority (SGM) adults view the health problems facing SGM populations. In a 2017 national, probability-based survey of U.

Risk, Resilience, and Smoking in a National, Probability Sample of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults, 2017, USA.

. There are well-documented inequities in smoking between sexual and gender minority (SGM; e.g.

Role of B1 and B2 lymphocytes in placental ischemia-induced hypertension.

Preeclampsia is a prevalent pregnancy complication characterized by new-onset maternal hypertension and inflammation, with placental ischemia as the initiating event. Studies of others have provided evidence for the importance of lymphocytes in placental ischemia-induced hypertension; however, the contributions of B1 versus B2 lymphocytes are unknown. We hypothesized that peritoneal B1 lymphocytes are important for placental ischemia-induced hypertension.

Interactions between the complement and endothelin systems in normal pregnancy and following placental ischemia.

Preeclampsia is characterized by new onset hypertension and fetal growth restriction and is associated with aberrant activation of the innate immune complement system and stressed or ischemic placenta. Previous studies have suggested a role for both endothelin and complement system activation products in new onset hypertension in pregnancy, but inter-relationships of the pathways are unclear. We hypothesized that complement activation following placental ischemia stimulates the endothelin pathway to cause hypertension and impair fetal growth.

Questions associated with the development of novel drugs intended for the treatment of bacterial infections in veterinary species.

The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria has limited therapeutic options for the treatment of bacterial diseases in both human and veterinary medicine. This has resulted in an urgent need for novel agents to treat infectious diseases. Veterinary medicine is further constrained by the need to ensure that our emerging therapeutics have minimal or no impact on resistance in human pathogens.

Impact of co-carriage of IncA/C plasmids with additional plasmids on the transfer of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica isolates.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica is often plasmid encoded. A key resistance plasmid group is the incompatibility group (Inc) A/C plasmids that often carry multiple resistance determinants. Previous studies showed that IncA/C plasmids were often co-located with other plasmids.

Alveolarides: Antifungal Peptides from Microascus alveolaris Active against Phytopathogenic Fungi.

Three novel cyclodepsipeptides, alveolarides A (1), B (2), and C (3), each possessing the rare 2,3-dihydroxy-4-methyltetradecanoic acid unit and a β-phenylalanine amino acid residue, along with the known peptide scopularide were isolated and identified from the culture broth of Microascus alveolaris strain PF1466. The pure compounds were evaluated for biological activity, and alveolaride A (1) provided strong in vitro activity against the plant pathogens Pyricularia oryzae, Zymoseptoria tritici, and Ustilago maydis. Moderate activity of alveolaride A was observed under in planta conditions against Z.

Effect of nicotine on placental ischemia-induced complement activation and hypertension in the rat.

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific condition manifested by new-onset maternal hypertension with systemic inflammation, including increased innate immune system complement activation. While exact pathophysiology is unknown, evidence suggests that inadequate spiral artery invasion and resulting utero-placental insufficiency is the initiating event. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy decreases the risk of preeclampsia.

Effects of low concentrations of erythromycin, penicillin, and virginiamycin on bacterial resistance development in vitro.

Distillers grains are co-products of the corn ethanol industry widely used in animal feed. We examined the effects of erythromycin, penicillin, and virginiamycin at low concentrations reflective of those detected in distillers grains on bacterial resistance selection. At 0.

From apelin to exercise: emerging therapies for management of hypertension in pregnancy.

Studies over the last couple of decades have provided exciting new insights into mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. In addition, several novel and innovative molecules and ideas for management of the syndrome have also come forth. While our basic understanding of the initiating events of preeclampsia continues to be placental ischemia/hypoxia stimulating the release of a variety of factors from the placenta that act on the cardiovascular and renal systems, the number of candidate pathways for intervention continues to increase.

Regulatory Considerations for the Approval of Drugs Against Histomoniasis (Blackhead Disease) in Turkeys, Chickens, and Game Birds in the United States.

Histomoniasis, commonly referred to as blackhead disease, is a serious threat to the turkey and game bird industries worldwide, and it is having an increasingly negative impact on the chicken industry as well. The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), charged with the approval and regulation of new animal drugs in the United States, understands the rising need for the availability of therapeutic options against histomoniasis. CVM has actively engaged in discussions with the poultry industry, academic institutions, and animal health companies regarding the current status of histomoniasis in the United States and varied success of past and current management, prophylactic, and therapeutic interventions that have been used against the disease.

Role of IgM and angiotensin II Type I receptor autoantibodies in local complement activation in placental ischemia-induced hypertension in the rat.

Preeclampsia is characterized by development of hypertension during pregnancy and reduced placental perfusion. Previous studies in a rat model of placental ischemia-induced hypertension demonstrated that inhibiting complement activation attenuated increased maternal blood pressure with C3a and C5a identified as the important products of complement activation. Given that in other forms of ischemia both natural IgM and antigen antibody complexes initiate complement activation, we hypothesized that placental ischemia exposes neoepitopes recognized by IgM to cause local complement activation and hypertension.

Fragmentation of Protonated N-(3-Aminophenyl)Benzamide and Its Derivatives in Gas Phase.

An ion of m/z 110.06036 (ion formula [C6H8NO](+); error: 0.32 mDa) was observed in the collision induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry experiments of protonated N-(3-aminophenyl)benzamide, which is a rearrangement product ion purportedly through nitrogen-oxygen (N-O) exchange.

Neutrophil Depletion Attenuates Placental Ischemia-Induced Hypertension in the Rat.

Preeclampsia is characterized by reduced placental perfusion with placental ischemia and hypertension during pregnancy. Preeclamptic women also exhibit a heightened inflammatory state and greater number of neutrophils in the vasculature compared to normal pregnancy. Since neutrophils are associated with tissue injury and inflammation, we hypothesized that neutrophils are critical to placental ischemia-induced hypertension and fetal demise.

Cultural drivers and health-seeking behaviours that impact on the transmission of pig-associated zoonoses in Lao People's Democratic Republic.

Pig rearing is an important income source in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), with many smallholder farmers using traditional free-range pig production systems. Despite the potentially significant health risks posed by pig production regarding pig-associated zoonoses, information on the sociocultural drivers of these zoonoses is significantly lacking. This review summarises the existing sociocultural knowledge on eight pig-associated zoonoses suspected to be endemic in Southeast Asia: brucellosis, Q fever (Coxiella burnetii), trichinellosis, hepatitis E virus, leptospirosis, Japanese encephalitis, Streptococcus suis and Taenia solium taeniasis-cysticercosis.