Bending the curve: preoperative determination of bypass graft length and trajectory with curved planar reformatted computed tomography angiography: technical note.

Background And Importance: Cerebral revascularization continues to be an important technique for the treatment of cerebrovascular and vaso-occlusive diseases, and determination of appropriate graft sources and recipients is paramount to the success of the procedure. A tension-free anastomosis requires that harvested grafts be of an appropriate length to avoid complications. Volume-rendered contrast-enhanced computed tomography data sets may be useful in determining the desired length and path of the bypass graft and in the evaluation of appropriate recipient vessels.

The role of Trp side chains in tuning single proton conduction through gramicidin channels.

We present an extensive set of measurements of proton conduction through gramicidin A (gA), B (gB), and M (gM) homodimer channels which have 4, 3, or 0 Trp residues at each end of the channel, respectively. In gA we find a shoulder separating two domains of conductance increasing with concentration, confirming the results of Eisenman, G., B.