The hospital at home in the USA: current status and future prospects.

The annual cost of hospital care services in the US has risen to over $1 trillion despite relatively worse health outcomes compared to similar nations. These trends accentuate a growing need for innovative care delivery models that reduce costs and improve outcomes. HaH-a program that provides patients acute-level hospital care at home-has made significant progress over the past two decades.

Self-Reported Medication Use Across Racial and Rural or Urban Subgroups of People Who Are Pregnant in the United States: Decentralized App-Based Cohort Study.

Background: Maternal health outcomes have been underresearched due to people who are pregnant being underrepresented or excluded from studies based on their status as a vulnerable study population. Based on the available evidence, Black people who are pregnant have dramatically higher maternal morbidity and mortality rates compared to other racial and ethnic groups. However, insights into prenatal care-including the use of medications, immunizations, and prenatal vitamins-are not well understood for pregnant populations, particularly those that are underrepresented in biomedical research.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 Rebound Study: A Prospective Cohort Study to Evaluate Viral and Symptom Rebound Differences in Participants Treated With Nirmatrelvir Plus Ritonavir Versus Untreated Controls.

Background: The uptake of nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir (NPR) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been limited by concerns around the rebound phenomenon despite the scarcity of evidence around its epidemiology. The purpose of this study was to prospectively compare the epidemiology of rebound in NPR-treated and untreated participants with acute COVID-19 infection.

Methods: We designed a prospective, observational study in which participants who tested positive for COVID-19 and were clinically eligible for NPR were recruited to be evaluated for either viral or symptom clearance and rebound.

The Power of Patient Engagement With Electronic Health Records as Research Participants.

Electronic health record (EHR) technology has become a central digital health tool throughout health care. EHR systems are responsible for a growing number of vital functions for hospitals and providers. More recently, patient-facing EHR tools are allowing patients to interact with their EHR and connect external sources of health data, such as wearable fitness trackers, personal genomics, and outside health services, to it.

Treatment of Early-onset Scoliosis: Similar Outcomes Despite Different Etiologic Subtypes in Traditional Growing Rod Graduates.

Background: It is unclear whether traditional growing rod (TGR) treatment outcomes vary by early-onset scoliosis (EOS) subtype. The goal of this study was to compare radiographic outcomes and complications of TGR treatment by EOS subtype.

Methods: We queried an international database of EOS patients from 20 centers to identify "graduates" who had (1) undergone primary TGR treatment from 1993 to 2014; (2) completed TGR treatment; and (3) had an uneventful clinical examination within 6 months after completion of TGR treatment with no anticipated further intervention.

The role of traditional growing rods in the era of magnetically controlled growing rods for the treatment of early-onset scoliosis.

Purpose: To describe the clinical and radiographic profile of early-onset scoliosis (EOS) patients treated with traditional growing rods (TGR) during the magnetically-controlled growing rod (MCGR) era.

Methods: A US multicenter EOS database was reviewed to identify (1) patients who underwent TGR after MCGR surgery was introduced at their institution, (2) patients who underwent MCGR during the same time period. Of 19 centers, 8 met criteria with all EOS etiologies represented.

An initial effort to define an early onset scoliosis "graduate"-The Pediatric Spine Study Group experience.

Purpose: Increasingly, patients with early onset scoliosis (EOS) are completing a growth friendly surgical program followed by observation, removal of implants or a definitive spinal fusion. These patients are colloquially referred to as "graduates". A standardized definition of a graduate is needed for research and comparing the outcomes, family counseling, and a better understanding of the population.

Safety and efficacy of anterior vertebral body tethering in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis.

Aims: Spinal fusion remains the gold standard in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. However, anterior vertebral body tethering (AVBT) is gaining widespread interest, despite the limited data on its efficacy. The aim of our study was to determine the clinical efficacy of AVBT in skeletally immature patients with idiopathic scoliosis.

Risk Factors for Reoperation Following Final Fusion After the Treatment of Early-Onset Scoliosis with Traditional Growing Rods.

Background: Although there is a high rate of reoperation after final fusion following the treatment of early-onset scoliosis with use of traditional growing rods, the risk factors for reoperation are unknown. The purpose of the present study was to identify risk factors associated with the need for reoperation after final fusion for the treatment of early-onset scoliosis.

Methods: A multicenter database for patients with early-onset scoliosis was retrospectively analyzed.

Comparing health-related quality of life and burden of care between early-onset scoliosis patients treated with magnetically controlled growing rods and traditional growing rods: a multicenter study.

Study Design: Multicenter retrospective cohort study.

Objectives: To compare pre-operative and post-operative EOSQ-24 scores in magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGR) and traditional growing rod (TGR) patients. Since the introduction of MCGR, early-onset scoliosis patients have been afforded a reduction in the number of surgeries compared to the TGR technique.

Improvement of Pulmonary Function Measured by Patient-reported Outcomes in Patients With Spinal Muscular Atrophy After Growth-friendly Instrumentation.

Background: Children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) sustain a progressive reduction in pulmonary function (PF) related to both muscular weakness and the concomitant effects of spinal deformity on the thorax. Growth-friendly instrumentation is commonly utilized for younger patients with scoliosis and SMA to halt the progression of spinal curvature, but its effect on PF in these patients has not previously been investigated. Using the change in Early Onset Scoliosis 24-Item Questionnaire (EOSQ-24) PF subdomain scores, the authors will investigate whether PF improves in patients with SMA after a growth-friendly intervention.

Characterizing Use of Growth-friendly Implants for Early-onset Scoliosis: A 10-Year Update.

Background: Growth-friendly treatment of early-onset scoliosis (EOS) has changed with the development and evolution of multiple devices. This study was designed to characterize changes in the use of growth-friendly implants for EOS from 2007 to 2017.

Methods: We queried the Pediatric Spine Study Group database for patients who underwent index surgery with growth-friendly implants from July 2007 to June 2017.

Growth-preserving instrumentation in early-onset scoliosis patients with multi-level congenital anomalies.

Study Design: Retrospective.

Objectives: To assess final outcomes in patients with early-onset scoliosis (EOS) who underwent growth-preserving instrumentation (GPI). Various types of growth-preserving instrumentation (GPI) are frequently employed, but until recently had not been utilized long enough to assess final outcomes.

MRI utilization and rates of abnormal pretreatment MRI findings in early-onset scoliosis: review of a global cohort.

Study Design: Retrospective review OBJECTIVES: To report the frequency of pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilization and rates and types of intra-spinal abnormalities identified on MRI in patients with early-onset scoliosis (EOS). MRI can help identify spinal cord abnormalities in patients with EOS.

Methods: We reviewed data from patients enrolled from 1993-2018 in an international EOS registry.

Idiopathic Early-onset Scoliosis: Growing Rods Versus Vertically Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Ribs at 5-year Follow-up.

Background: Distraction-based techniques allow spinal growth until skeletal maturity while preventing curve progression.

Methods: Two multicenter early-onset scoliosis databases were used to identify patients with idiopathic spine abnormalities treated with traditional growing rods (TGR) or vertically expandable titanium ribs (VEPTR). Patients underwent at least 4 lengthenings and had at least 5-year follow-up.

A high degree of variability exists in how "safety and efficacy" is defined and reported in growing rod surgery for early onset scoliosis: a systematic review.

Unlabelled: Established criteria for reporting safety and efficacy have not yet been defined in growing rod surgery for early onset scoliosis. A systematic literature review revealed a high degree of variability in how authors stratified complications and patient outcomes as a means to define safety and efficacy for this challenging patient population.

Introduction: Several publications have reported the safety and efficacy of traditional growing rods (TGR) and magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGR) using various parameters.

The Effect of Expansion Thoracostomy on Spine Growth in Patients with Spinal Deformity and Fused Ribs Treated with Rib-Based Growing Constructs.

Study Design: Retrospective review of prospective registries.

Objectives: We hypothesized that patients with congenitally fused ribs who underwent thoracostomy upon implantation of rib-based distraction devices would achieve improved spine growth compared with those who did not undergo thoracostomy.

Summary Of Background Data: Patients with fused ribs may develop thoracic insufficiency syndrome.

Best Practice Guidelines for Surgical Site Infection Prevention With Surgical Treatment of Early Onset Scoliosis.

Background: Postoperative surgical site infection (SSI) is unfortunately a commonly encountered complication in the surgical treatment of children with Early Onset Scoliosis (EOS). There is documented variation in the treatment of this patient population. Previous work building consensus for the approach to high risk patients (eg, neuromuscular etiology) has been promising.

Growth-Friendly Spine Surgery in Escobar Syndrome.

Background: The aims of this study were to characterize the spinal deformity of patients with Escobar syndrome, describe results of growth-friendly treatments, and compare these results with those of an idiopathic early-onset scoliosis (EOS) cohort to determine whether the axial stiffness in Escobar syndrome limited correction.

Methods: We used 2 multicenter databases to review the records of 8 patients with EOS associated with Escobar syndrome who had at least 2-year follow-up after initiation of growth-friendly treatment from 1990 to 2016. An idiopathic EOS cohort of 16 patients matched for age at surgery (±1 y), postoperative follow-up (±1 y), and initial curve magnitude (±10 degrees) was identified.

Spine Deformity With Fused Ribs Treated With Proximal Rib- Versus Spine-Based Growing Constructs.

Study Design: Retrospective review of prospectively collected data.

Objective: To compare the use of spine-based versus rib-based implants for the treatment of early-onset scoliosis (EOS) in the setting of rib fusions.

Summary Of Background Data: Treatment for severe early-onset spinal deformity with rib fusions includes growing spine devices with proximal rib or spine anchors.

Early Onset Scoliosis: Is there an Improvement in Quality of Life With Conversion From Traditional Growing Rods to Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods?

Background: Modern treatment of early onset scoliosis (EOS) includes implantation of traditional growing rods (TGR) or magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGR) for posterior-based distraction if nonoperative treatment plans failed. The recent MCGR innovation has largely been expected to improve patient and family burden by avoiding frequent return to the operating room. At least one study has shown no HRQoL difference between TGR and MCGR, but none have specifically investigated a cohort of conversion patients whose families have experienced both.

Surgical and Health-related Quality-of-Life Outcomes of Growing Rod "Graduates" With Severe versus Moderate Early-onset Scoliosis.

Study Design: A retrospective review of a prospective, multicenter database.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare surgical and quality-of-life outcomes at the end of growing rod treatment in patients with severe versus moderate early-onset scoliosis (EOS).

Summary Of Background Data: Knowledge of the outcomes of severe EOS after growth-friendly treatment is limited because this condition is uncommon.