Doping Prevalence among U.S. Elite Athletes Subject to Drug Testing under the World Anti-Doping Code.

Background: Determining the prevalence of doping within an elite athlete population is challenging due to the extreme sensitivity of the topic; however, understanding true doping prevalence is important when designing anti-doping programs and measuring their effectiveness. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of doping among Olympic, Paralympic, World, and National-level competitive athletes in the United States subject to the World Anti-Doping Code. All athletes who were subject to the U.

Student awareness of campus medical amnesty policies.

Examine students' awareness of medical amnesty policies and the influence of policy awareness on the expected consequences of bystander help seeking in alcohol-related emergencies among student-athletes and non-athletes. 1,012 college students. Spearman's correlation and chi-square tests were used to examine accuracy in awareness of amnesty policies.