Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain.

Mapping the motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has potential to interrogate motor cortex physiology and plasticity but carries unique challenges in children. Similarly, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can improve motor learning in adults but has only recently been applied to children. The use of tDCS and emerging techniques like high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) require special methodological considerations in the developing brain.