Dimensions of the Lateral Malleolar Fossa and Its Potential Violation With Lateral Distal Fibular Plate Fixation.

A previously undescribed pitfall of lateral distal fibular locking plates is the risk of violating the lateral malleolar fossa (MF). No previous study has described the dimensions of this fossa. All cases using a lateral distal fibular plate for a fibula fracture from December 2012 to December 2015 (n=365) at a single institution were reviewed.

Aerobic Exercise Improves Microvascular Function in Older Adults.

Unlabelled: Microvascular function is reduced with age, disease, and inactivity. Exercise is well known to improve vascular health and has the potential to improve microvascular function in aging and disease.

Purpose: The study aimed to assess changes in peripheral microvascular function in sedentary older adults after aerobic exercise training.

Synthesis of 4'-methyl and 4'-cyano carbocyclic 2',3'-didehydro nucleoside analogues via 1,4-addition to substituted cyclopentenones.

Carbocyclic 4'-methyl and 4'-cyano nucleoside analogues were synthesized using the Michael reaction to introduce the 4'-substituent and Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution to introduce the nucleoside base. Use of both the desired beta- and undesired alpha-1'-carbonate diastereomers in the Pd-catalyzed substitution was demonstrated in principle by epimerization of the alpha-diastereomer and kinetic diastereodifferentiation of a 1:1 alpha/beta mixture of 1'-carbonates.

Transduction of human and mouse pancreatic islet cells using a bicistronic recombinant adeno-associated viral vector.

Recent reports indicate successful transduction of pancreatic islets using recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors. This advance offers new possibilities in rendering islets resistant to rejection and recurrence of autoimmune destruction in the setting of islet transplantation as treatment of type 1 diabetes. Most gene delivery approaches using islets have thus far involved transduction with a single gene.