Common ground in AAC: how children who use AAC and teaching staff shape interaction in the multimodal classroom.

Children who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) are multimodal communicators. However, in classroom interactions involving children and staff, achieving mutual understanding and accomplishing task-oriented goals by attending to the child's unaided AAC can be challenging. This study draws on excerpts of video recordings of interactions in a classroom for 6-9-year-old children who used AAC to explore how three child participants used the range of multimodal resources available to them - vocal, movement-based, and gestural, technological, temporal - to shape (and to some degree, co-control) classroom interactions.

How do parents frame their engagement experience in early intervention? A grounded theory study.

Purpose: Parent and therapist engagement and partnership are critical in early intervention physiotherapy and occupational therapy for infants with cerebral palsy to improve outcomes. The main aim of this study was to understand how parents perceive their engagement experience in early intervention over time.

Methods: Grounded theory methodology was used.

Workplace-based assessments-Articulating the playbook.

Introduction: A workplace-based assessment (WBA) is a learning recording device that is widely used in medical education globally. Although entrenched in medical curricula, and despite a substantial body of literature exploring them, it is not yet fully understood how WBAs play out in practice. Adopting a constructivist standpoint, we examine these assessments, in the workplace, using principles based upon naturalist inquiry, drawing from a theoretical framework based on Goffman's dramaturgical analogy for the presentation of self, and using qualitative research methods to articulate what is happening as learners complete them.

Parental engagement in early intervention for infants with cerebral palsy-A realist synthesis.

Background: Emphasis on parental engagement strategies within occupational therapy and physiotherapy early intervention (EI) programmes for infants at high risk of cerebral palsy (CP) has increased. This reflects consensus that increasing parent participation enhances treatment efficacy, potentially improving infant and parent outcomes. However, evaluation of parental engagement in EI is complex.

What Attitudes and Values Are Incorporated Into Self as Part of Professional Identity Construction When Becoming a Surgeon?

Purpose: To make explicit the attitudes and values of a community of surgeons, with the aim of understanding professional identity construction within a specific group of residents.

Method: Using a grounded theory method, the authors collected data from 16 postgraduate surgeons through interviews. They complemented these initial interview data with ethnographic observations and additional descriptive interviews to explore the attitudes and values learned by surgeons during residency training (2010-2013).

Visual research in clinical education.

Aim: The aim of this paper is to explore what might be gained from collecting and analysing visual data, such as photographs, scans, drawings, video and screen recordings, in clinical educational research. Its focus is on visual research that looks at teaching and learning 'as it naturally occurs' in the work place, in simulation centres and other sites, and also involves the collection and analysis of visual learning materials circulating in these sites.

Background: With the ubiquity of digital recording devices, video data and visual learning materials are now relatively cheap to collect.

Unsettled teamwork: communication and learning in the operating theatres of an urban hospital.

Aim: To explore the unsettling effects of increased mobility of nurses, surgeons and other healthcare professionals on communication and learning in the operating theatre.

Background: Increasingly, healthcare professionals step in and out of newly formed transient teams and work with colleagues they have not met before, unsettling previously relatively stable team work based on shared, local knowledge accumulated over significant periods of close collaboration.

Design: An ethnographic case study was conducted of the operating theatre department of a major teaching hospital in London.

'You see?' Teaching and learning how to interpret visual cues during surgery.

Context: The ability to interpret visual cues is important in many medical specialties, including surgery, in which poor outcomes are largely attributable to errors of perception rather than poor motor skills. However, we know little about how trainee surgeons learn to make judgements in the visual domain.

Objectives: We explored how trainees learn visual cue interpretation in the operating room.

Music and communication in the operating theatre.

Aims: To observe the extent and the detail with which playing music can impact on communication in the operating theatre.

Background: According to the cited sources, music is played in 53-72% of surgical operations performed. Noise levels in the operating theatre already exceed World Health Organisation recommendations.

Making meaning from sensory cues: a qualitative investigation of postgraduate learning in the operating room.

Purpose: The authors aimed to map and explicate what surgeons perceive they learn in the operating room.

Method: The researchers used a grounded theory method in which data were iteratively collected through semistructured one-to-one interviews in 2010 and 2011 at four participating hospital sites. A four-person data analysis team from differing academic backgrounds qualitatively analyzed the content of the transcripts employing an immersion/crystallization approach.

Surgical decision making in a teaching hospital: a linguistic analysis.

Background: The aim of the study was to gain insight in the involvement of non-operating surgeons in intraoperative surgical decision making at a teaching hospital. The decision to proceed to clip and cut the cystic duct during laparoscopic cholecystectomy was investigated through direct observation of team work.

Method: Eleven laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed by consultant surgeons and specialty trainees at a London teaching hospital were audio and video recorded.

Nurse-surgeon object transfer: video analysis of communication and situation awareness in the operating theatre.

Background: One of the most central collaborative tasks during surgical operations is the passing of objects, including instruments. Little is known about how nurses and surgeons achieve this. The aim of the present study was to explore what factors affect this routine-like task, resulting in fast or slow transfer of objects.

Participation of surgical residents in operations: challenging a common classification.

Background: One important form of surgical training for residents is their participation in actual operations, for instance as an assistant or supervised surgeon. The aim of this study was to explore what participation in operations entails and how it might be described and analyzed.

Methods: A qualitative study was undertaken in a major teaching hospital in London.