Cruciate ligament healing and injury prevention in the age of regenerative medicine and technostress: homeostasis revisited.

Purpose: This clinical concepts paper discusses the essential elements of cruciate ligament recuperation, micro-trauma repair, and remodeling.

Methods: Cruciate ligament mechanobiology and tissue heterogeneity, anatomy and vascularity, and synovial membrane and fluid functions are discussed in relationship to deficiency-induced inflammatory responses, nervous and immune system function, recuperation, repair and remodeling, and modern threats to homeostasis.

Results: Cruciate ligament surgical procedures do not appreciate the vital linked functions of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems and immune system function on knee ligament injury recuperation, micro-trauma repair, and remodeling.