Response of children with Turner syndrome with different types of karyotype abnormalities to growth hormone treatment.

Purpose: Short stature is the main characteristic of Turner syndrome (TS) patients and growth hormone (GH) therapy has been essential for achieving the final adult height (Ht). In the present study, the response of TS patients with different types of karyotype abnormalities to GH therapy was analyzed.

Methods: The clinical parameters of 194 TS patients registered in the LG Growth Study were retrospectively reviewed.

Growth Responses During 3 Years of Growth Hormone Treatment in Children and Adolescents With Growth Hormone Deficiency: Comparison Between Idiopathic, Organic and Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency, and Multiple Pituitary Hormone Deficiency.

Background: The study aimed to compare the growth responses to 3 years of growth hormone (GH) treatment in children and adolescents with GH deficiency (GHD) according to idiopathic, organic, isolated (IGHD), and multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD).

Methods: Total 163 patients aged 2-18 years (100 males and 63 females; 131 idiopathic and 32 organic GHD; 129 IGHD and 34 MPHD) were included from data obtained from the LG Growth Study. Parameters of growth responses and biochemical results were compared during the 3-year GH treatment.

Synergistic Effects of Korean Red Ginseng Extract and the Conventional Systemic Therapeutics of Atopic Dermatitis in a Murine Model.

The synergistic effects of Korean Red ginseng (KRG, C.A. Mey.

Effect of a combination of Korean red ginseng extract and probiotics on the prevention of atopic dermatitis in a murine model.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.

A case of monogenic diabetes mellitus caused by a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation in a 14-year-old girl.

Objectives: Monogenic diabetes mellitus (DM) is a single gene disorder, primarily characterized by impairment in the development or function of pancreatic beta cells.

Case Presentation: A 14-year-old girl was initially diagnosed with type 2 DM. The patient did not have any anti-islet autoantibody and showed acanthosis nigricans.

Thyroid imaging study in children with suspected thyroid dysgenesis.

Purpose: Thyroid dysgenesis is one of the most common causes of permanent congenital hypothyroidism. Thyroid ultrasonography or scan is used to detect thyroid dysgenesis. We analyzed the sensitivity and specificity of thyroid ultrasonography and scan in diagnosing thyroid dysgenesis to determine the clinical utility of each thyroid imaging method.

Machine learning-based prediction of response to growth hormone treatment in Turner syndrome: the LG Growth Study.

Background Growth hormone (GH) treatment has become a common practice in Turner syndrome (TS). However, there are only a few studies on the response to GH treatment in TS. The aim of this study is to predict the responsiveness to GH treatment and to suggest a prediction model of height outcome in TS.

Congenital hypothyroidism due to thyroglobulin deficiency: a case report with a novel mutation in TG gene.

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common endocrine disorder in neonates and infants with an incidence of one in 2,000 to one in 4,000 newborns. Primary CH can be caused by thyroid dysgenesis and thyroid dyshormonogenesis. CH due to a TG gene mutation is one cause of thyroid dyshormonogenesis and can be characterized by goitrous CH with absent or low levels of serum thyroglobulin (Tg).

Basal serum luteinizing hormone value as the screening biomarker in female central precocious puberty.

Purpose: Precocious puberty refers to the development of secondary sex characteristics before ages 8 and 9 years in girls and boys, respectively. Central precocious puberty (CPP) is caused by premature activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and causes thelarche in girls before the age of 8. A gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test is the standard diagnostic modality for diagnosing CPP.

Clinical features of childhood diabetes mellitus focusing on latent autoimmune diabetes.

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of childhood diabetes mellitus (DM) according to its classification as well as the clinical course of latent autoimmune diabetes (LAD) that initially showed noninsulin dependence despite autoantibody positivity.

Methods: A total of 91 subjects diagnosed between 2001 and 2015 were enrolled in the study. They were classified into 3 groups: type 1 DM, LAD, and type 2 DM.

Factors Associated with the Presence and Severity of Diabetic Ketoacidosis at Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Korean Children and Adolescents.

The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for presence and severity of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Korean children and adolescents. A retrospective chart review of children and adolescents newly diagnosed with T1DM was conducted in seven secondary and tertiary centers in Korea. Eligible subjects were < 20 years of age and had records on the presence or absence of DKA at the time of T1DM diagnosis.

1p36 deletion syndrome confirmed by fluorescence hybridization and array-comparative genomic hybridization analysis.

Pediatric epilepsy can be caused by various conditions, including specific syndromes. 1p36 deletion syndrome is reported in 1 in 5,000-10,000 newborns, and its characteristic clinical features include developmental delay, mental retardation, hypotonia, congenital heart defects, seizure, and facial dysmorphism. However, detection of the terminal deletion in chromosome 1p by conventional G-banded karyotyping is difficult.

Analysis of Dermatologic Diseases in Neurosurgical In-Patients: A Retrospective Study of 463 Cases.

Background: Both the skin and the neurologic system are derived from the ectoderm during embryogenesis, and thus patients with neurologic disorders may have accompanying dermatologic diseases. For example, seborrheic dermatitis is more frequently observed in patients with Parkinsonism and other neurologic disorders. To date, however, there has been limited review on dermatologic diseases in neurosurgical in-patients.

Representative levels of blood lead, mercury, and urinary cadmium in youth: Korean Environmental Health Survey in Children and Adolescents (KorEHS-C), 2012-2014.

Background: This study examined levels of blood lead and mercury, and urinary cadmium, and associated sociodemographic factors in 3-18 year-old Korean children and adolescents.

Materials And Methods: We used the nationally representative Korean Environmental Health Survey in Children and Adolescents data for 2012-2014 and identified 2388 children and adolescents aged 3-18 years. The median and 95th percentile exposure biomarker levels with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

Risk factors of vitamin D deficiency in children with epilepsy taking anticonvulsants at initial and during follow-up.

Purpose: Vitamin D status was evaluated in children with epilepsy taking anticonvulsants to determine the prevalence and risk factors of vitamin D deficiency.

Methods: This study was designed as both a cross-sectional and a retrospective cohort study. A sum of 198 children who were diagnosed with epilepsy at the Department of Pediatrics in Dankook University Hospital was included.

Clinical usefulness of the measurement of serum fructosamine in childhood diabetes mellitus.

Purpose: Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is often used as an indicator of glucose control. It usually reflects the average glucose levels over two to three months, and is correlated with the development of long-term diabetic complications. However, it can vary in cases of hemoglobinopathy or an altered red blood cell lifespan.

Endocrine disorders and the neurologic manifestations.

The nervous system and the endocrine system are closely interrelated and both involved intimately in maintaining homeostasis. Endocrine dysfunctions may lead to various neurologic manifestations such as headache, myopathy, and acute encephalopathy including coma. It is important to recognize the neurologic signs and symptoms caused by the endocrine disorders while managing endocrine disorders.

Assessment of bone age in prepubertal healthy Korean children: comparison among the Korean standard bone age chart, Greulich-Pyle method, and Tanner-Whitehouse method.

Objective: To compare the reliability of the Greulich-Pyle (GP) method, Tanner-Whitehouse 3 (TW3) method and Korean standard bone age chart (KS) in the evaluation of bone age of prepubertal healthy Korean children.

Materials And Methods: Left hand-wrist radiographs of 212 prepubertal healthy Korean children aged 7 to 12 years, obtained for the evaluation of the traumatic injury in emergency department, were analyzed by two observers. Bone age was estimated using the GP method, TW3 method and KS, and was calculated in months.

Epidemic Trends of Enterovirus Infections From Pediatric Patients in Cheonan, Korea.

Background: This study was performed to investigate the epidemiology of enterovirus (EV) infections in children at a single hospital during recent 5 years. This study was preformed from December 2008 to November 2013.

Methods: We subjected 1,067 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from 1,053 patients and 678 stool specimens from 665 patients using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction tests that could detect EV.

Central precocious puberty in a patient with X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita and Xp21 contiguous gene deletion syndrome.

X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita is caused by the mutation of DAX-1 gene (dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia critical region, on chromosome X, gene 1), and can occur as part of a contiguous gene deletion syndrome in association with glycerol kinase (GK) deficiency, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and X-linked interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein-like 1 (IL1RAPL1) gene deficiency. It is usually associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, although in rare cases, it has been reported to occur in normal puberty or even central precocious puberty. This study addresses a case in which central precocious puberty developed in a boy with X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita who had complete deletion of the genes DAX-1, GK and IL1RAPL1 (Xp21 contiguous gene deletion syndrome).

Clinical features of congenital adrenal insufficiency including growth patterns and significance of ACTH stimulation test.

Congenital adrenal insufficiency is caused by specific genetic mutations. Early suspicion and definite diagnosis are crucial because the disease can precipitate a life-threatening hypovolemic shock without prompt treatment. This study was designed to understand the clinical manifestations including growth patterns and to find the usefulness of ACTH stimulation test.

How to do in persistent diarrhea of children?: concepts and treatments of chronic diarrhea.

Chronic diarrhea is defined as passing watery stools that lasts for more than 2 weeks. Persistent diarrhea belongs to chronic diarrhea and is a chronic episode of diarrhea of infectious etiology. The etiology of chronic diarrhea is varied.

Korean Environmental Health Survey in Children and Adolescents (KorEHS-C): survey design and pilot study results on selected exposure biomarkers.

For the first nationwide representative survey on the environmental health of children and adolescents in Korea, we designed the Korean Environmental Health Survey in Children and Adolescents (KorEHS-C) as a two-phase survey and planned a sampling strategy that would represent the whole population of Korean children and adolescents, based on the school unit for the 6-19 years age group and the household unit for the 5 years or less age group. A pilot study for 351 children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years in elementary, middle, and high school of two cities was performed to validate several measurement methods and tools, as well as to test their feasibility, and to elaborate the protocols used throughout the survey process. Selected exposure biomarkers, i.