Precessing jet nozzle connecting to a spinning black hole in M87.

The nearby radio galaxy M87 offers a unique opportunity to explore the connections between the central supermassive black hole and relativistic jets. Previous studies of the inner region of M87 revealed a wide opening angle for the jet originating near the black hole. The Event Horizon Telescope resolved the central radio source and found an asymmetric ring structure consistent with expectations from general relativity.

Gold nanostructures: synthesis, properties, and neurological applications.

Recent advances in technology are expected to increase our current understanding of neuroscience. Nanotechnology and nanomaterials can alter and control neural functionality in both and experimental setups. The intersection between neuroscience and nanoscience may generate long-term neural interfaces adapted at the molecular level.

Screening of selected ageing-related proteins that extend chronological life span in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Ageing-related proteins play various roles such as regulating cellular ageing, countering oxidative stress, and modulating signal transduction pathways amongst many others. Hundreds of ageing-related proteins have been identified, however the functions of most of these ageing-related proteins are not known. Here, we report the identification of proteins that extended yeast chronological life span (CLS) from a screen of ageing-related proteins.

Identification of Tropical Plant Extracts That Extend Yeast Chronological Life Span.

Certain plant extracts (PEs) contain bioactive compounds that have antioxidant and lifespan-extending activities on organisms. These PEs play different roles in cellular processes, such as enhancing stress resistance and modulating longevity-defined signaling pathways that contribute to longevity. Here, we report the discovery of PEs that extended chronological life span (CLS) in budding yeast from a screen of 222 PEs.

A forensic case study for body fluid identification using DNA methylation analysis.

Recently, a method of identifying body fluids using DNA methylation has been developed (Frumkin et al., 2011). An existing multiplex assay using 9 CpG markers could differentiate 5 body fluids: semen, blood, saliva, menstrual blood, and vaginal fluid.

Genomic Instability and Cellular Senescence: Lessons From the Budding Yeast.

Aging is a complex biological process that occurs in all living organisms. Aging is initiated by the gradual accumulation of biomolecular damage in cells leading to the loss of cellular function and ultimately death. Cellular senescence is one such pathway that leads to aging.

Diurnal xylem sap glucose and sucrose monitoring using implantable organic electrochemical transistor sensors.

Bioelectronic devices that convert biochemical signals to electronic readout enable biosensing with high spatiotemporal resolution. These technologies have been primarily applied in biomedicine while in plants sensing is mainly based on invasive methods that require tissue sampling, hindering in-vivo detection and having poor spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we developed enzymatic biosensors based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) for in-vivo and real-time monitoring of sugar fluctuations in the vascular tissue of trees.

Highly efficient and scalable biomarker preconcentrator based on nanoelectrokinetics.

Micro/nanofluidics are excellent candidates for biological sample preparation. However, the limited process volume in micro/nanofluidics is the main hurdle limiting their practical applications. To date, most micro/nanofluidics have processed sample volumes of several microliters and have rarely been used to handle large-volume samples.

Comparison of microplate- and bottle-based methods to age yeast for chronological life span assays.

This study compared the chronological life span and survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae aged in a microplate or bottle, under different aeration and calorie restriction conditions. Our data shows that limited aeration in the microplate-aged culture contributed to slower outgrowth but extended yeast CLS compared to the bottle-aged culture.

Rapid oral bacteria detection based on real-time PCR for the forensic identification of saliva.

This study developed a new method for forensic saliva identification using three oral bacteria, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Neisseria subflava, combined with a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) system we called OB mRT-PCR. Analytical sensitivity results showed that the target bacteria were amplified at 10-10 copies/reaction, and analytical specificity was assessed using 24 other viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. To evaluate the OB mRT-PCR kit for forensic applications, saliva from 140 Korean individuals was tested, and at least two target bacteria were detected in all the samples.

Electronic Media Exposure and Use among Toddlers.

Objective: These days, young children are exposed to a wide range of smart devices and their usage of smart devices is rapidly increasing worldwide. However, the use of smart devices by young children has not been studied in detail yet because smart device is relatively recent. The purpose of this study was to investigate the exposure status of smart devices among 2-5 years old children in Korea.

Thermo-plasmonic gold nanofilms for simple and mass-producible photothermal neural interfaces.

In recent years, photothermal stimulation methods using plasmonic metal nanoparticles have emerged as non-genetic optical techniques in neuromodulation. Although nanoparticle-based photothermal stimulation shows great potential in the excitation and the inhibition of neural activity, the complex synthesis processes of the nanoparticles and the lack of large-area deposition methods can be limiting factors for the development of photothermal neural devices. In this paper, we propose a plasmonic gold nanofilm, fabricated by a standard thermal evaporation process, as a simple and mass-producible photothermal neural interface layer for microelectrode array (MEA) chips.

Enhanced sensitivity of CpG island search and primer design based on predicted CpG island position.

DNA methylation has important biological roles, such as gene expression regulation, as well as practical applications in forensics, such as in body fluid identification and age estimation. DNA methylation often occurs in the CpG site, and methylation within the CpG islands affects various cellular functions and is related to tissue-specific identification. Several programs have been developed to identify CpG islands; however, the size, location, and number of predicted CpG islands are not identical due to different search algorithms.

A validation study of DNA methylation-based age prediction using semen in forensic casework samples.

Previously, an age-predictive method based on DNA-methylation patterns in semen was developed, using three CpG sites (cg06304190 in the TTC7B gene, cg12837463, and cg06979108 in the NOX4 gene). Before considering the routine use of a new method in forensics, validation studies such as concordance and sensitivity tests are essential for obtaining expanded and more reliable forensic information. Here, we evaluated a previously described age-predictive method for semen for routine forensic use.

Inkjet-Printed Biofunctional Thermo-Plasmonic Interfaces for Patterned Neuromodulation.

Localized heat generation by the thermo-plasmonic effect of metal nanoparticles has great potential in biomedical engineering research. Precise patterning of the nanoparticles using inkjet printing can enable the application of the thermo-plasmonic effect in a well-controlled way (shape and intensity). However, a universally applicable inkjet printing process that allows good control in patterning and assembly of nanoparticles with good biocompatibility is missing.

Inkjet-Printed Multiwavelength Thermoplasmonic Images for Anticounterfeiting Applications.

Inkjet printing of thermoplasmonic nanoparticles enables instantaneous, large-area heat pattern generation upon light illumination from distance. By printing multiple metal nanoparticles of different shapes overlaid, we can fabricate multiwavelength thermoplasmonic images, which generate different heat patterns from a single printed image depending on the wavelength choice of light. In this work, we propose a novel multiwavelength thermoplasmonic image printing process that can be used for anticounterfeit technology.

Simple and rapid identification of saliva by detection of oral streptococci using direct polymerase chain reaction combined with an immunochromatographic strip.

In this paper, we describe the development of a novel method to detect oral bacteria by combining direct polymerase chain reaction (direct PCR) with an immunochromatographic strip (ICS), enabling the identification of saliva in forensic samples. Direct PCR was first used to directly amplify specific oral bacterial sequences (from Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus salivarius) from swab samples, circumventing the need for tedious sample preparation steps such as cell lysis and DNA extraction and purification. The resultant amplicons were then colorimetrically detected on an ICS, a much more convenient, cost-effective, and user-friendly detection method than those currently available, thereby allowing the presence or absence of the target oral bacteria to be determined with the naked eye.

Low-cost and facile fabrication of a paper-based capillary electrophoresis microdevice for pathogen detection.

This paper describes the development of a novel paper-based capillary electrophoresis (pCE) microdevice using mineral paper, which is durable, oil and tear resistant, and waterproof. The pCE device is inexpensive (~$1.6 per device for materials), simple to fabricate, lightweight, and disposable, so it is more adequate for point-of-care (POC) pathogen diagnostics than a conventional CE device made of glass, quartz, silicon or polymer.

Comprehensive study on the roles of released ions from biodegradable Mg-5 wt% Ca-1 wt% Zn alloy in bone regeneration.

We report here the effect of micro-environmental changes from biodegradable magnesium alloys on the activities of cells - osteoblasts, osteoclasts and macrophages - which play critical roles in each phase of the bone-regeneration process. Despite positive bone formation effects from several in vivo studies, minimal progress has been made in identifying underlying mechanisms through in vitro studies, which are currently concentrated on osteoblastic activities. The observed in vitro and in vivo results indicated that alkaline pH and released magnesium and zinc ions derived from Mg-5 wt% Ca-1 wt% Zn alloy biodegradation promote the progress of bone formation.

An integrated direct loop-mediated isothermal amplification microdevice incorporated with an immunochromatographic strip for bacteria detection in human whole blood and milk without a sample preparation step.

We have developed an integrated direct loop-mediated isothermal amplification (Direct LAMP) microdevice incorporated with an immunochromatographic strip (ICS) to identify bacteria contaminated in real samples. The Direct LAMP is a novel isothermal DNA amplification technique which does not require thermal cycling steps as well as any sample preparation steps such as cell lysis and DNA extraction for amplifying specific target genes. In addition, the resultant amplicons were colorimetrically detected on the ICS, thereby enabling the entire genetic analysis process to be simplified.

Emerging neural stimulation technologies for bladder dysfunctions.

In the neural engineering field, physiological dysfunctions are approached by identifying the target nerves and providing artificial stimulation to restore the function. Neural stimulation and recording technologies play a central role in this approach, and various engineering devices and stimulation techniques have become available to the medical community. For bladder control problems, electrical stimulation has been used as one of the treatments, while only a few emerging neurotechnologies have been used to tackle these problems.

Histone deacetylase 3 promotes RCAN1 stability and nuclear translocation.

Regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1; also referred as DSCR1 or MCIP1) is located in close proximity to a Down syndrome critical region of human chromosome 21. Although RCAN1 is an endogenous inhibitor of calcineurin signaling that controls lymphocyte activation, apoptosis, heart development, skeletal muscle differentiation, and cardiac function, it is not yet clear whether RCAN1 might be involved in other cellular activities. In this study, we explored the extra-functional roles of RCAN1 by searching for novel RCAN1-binding partners.

Angle-resolved light scattering of individual rod-shaped bacteria based on Fourier transform light scattering.

Two-dimensional angle-resolved light scattering maps of individual rod-shaped bacteria are measured at the single-cell level. Using quantitative phase imaging and Fourier transform light scattering techniques, the light scattering patterns of individual bacteria in four rod-shaped species (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus casei, Synechococcus elongatus, and Escherichia coli) are measured with unprecedented sensitivity in a broad angular range from -70° to 70°. The measured light scattering patterns are analyzed along the two principal axes of rod-shaped bacteria in order to systematically investigate the species-specific characteristics of anisotropic light scattering.