Pediatric periodic limb movement disorder: sleep symptom and polysomnographic correlates compared to obstructive sleep apnea.

Study Objectives: Although periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) have been described in multiple pediatric publications, periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) has not. The aims of this study were to describe the prevalence, sleep-related correlates, and polysomnographic correlates of PLMD in a large pediatric case series, and compare these to pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Methods: All PLMD cases (defined by International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 2nd edition criteria + respiratory disturbance index [RDI] < 3) and OSA cases (defined by RDI ≥ 3 + PLMS < 5), from a single pediatric sleep practice, over a 2-year time span, were included.

Parents of children with periodic limb movement disorder versus sleep-disordered breathing report greater daytime mood and behavior difficulties in their child: the importance of using ICSD-2nd Edition criteria to define a PLMD study group.

Data from 249 children referred to a pediatric sleep clinic were analyzed. The first question of interest examined whether an International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Second Edition (ICSD-2)-based diagnosis of periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) or sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) would more strongly associate with parental perceptions of daytime attention and behavior problems in their child. The second question was whether the outcome would differ based on PLMD diagnostic criteria-that is, previously used criteria to define PLMD (Periodic Limb Movement Index [PLMI] < 5 per hour vs.

Prenatal cocaine exposure and infants' preference for novelty and distractibility.

The authors used the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (J. F. Fagan, L.

Maternal cigarette-smoking during pregnancy disrupts rhythms in fetal heart rate.

Objective: To examine the effects of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy on the developing infant's autonomic regulation before the possible effects of parturition and neonatal withdrawal could alter outcome measures.

Methods: Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed for 10 min during late gestation for 21 cigarette-exposed (CE) and 22 nonexposed (NE) fetuses.

Results: HRV was significantly lower in fetuses whose mothers smoked cigarettes during pregnancy.

Fetal rate of behavioral inhibition and preference for novelty during infancy.

Background: Correlations between infant measures of information processing and later IQ have been established, and a few studies have extended this continuum by examining links between various fetal measures and cognitive measures during infancy.

Aims: This study compared fetal rate of behavioral habituation among infants identified as at high or low cognitive risk.

Study Design: This study was a retrospective examination of differences in fetal rate of behavioral habituation as a function of cognitive risk status at 6.

Parent-reported periodic limb movement, sleep disordered breathing, bedtime resistance behaviors, and ADHD.

The purpose of this study was to compare the relative strength of association between symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with sleep disordered breathing (SDB), periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), and bedtime resistance behaviors (BRBs). The Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire was completed by parents of 283 children. Scales were derived to indicate risk for specific sleep disorders, then correlated with symptoms of ADHD.

Physician beliefs and practices regarding SIDS and SIDS risk reduction.

The AAP has alerted pediatricians to the importance of safe sleep environment for infants. The elements of a safe sleep environment include supine sleep position, safe crib, and avoidance of smoke exposure, soft bedding, and overheating. With the Back to Sleep campaign, prone sleeping among all U.

State Control in the Substance-Exposed: Fetus I. The Fetal Neurobehavioral Profile: An Assessment of Fetal State, Arousal, and Regulation Competency.

Behavioral states are stable structures of behaviors that become more definable and coordinated with increasing age. With ultrasound we can see the fetus move, breathe, and react to changes in its environment. Ultrasound used in conjunction with Doppler fetal heart rate recording provides behavioral and neurophysiologic data useful in state determination.