Retrieval of a penny from the pediatric esophagus: a cost analysis.

Objective: As part of the oral phase of development, children commonly ingest foreign bodies. The most common lodged foreign body, requiring operative removal, in the United States is the penny. Valued at 1 cent, comprised of materials valued at less than 1 cent, costing 1.

Dural arteriovenous fistula: diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the sensitivity of computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) compared to the gold standard, conventional carotid angiography, in the diagnosis of a dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF). Further objectives include identifying outcomes of treatment and complications as a function of pretreatment radiologic classification.

Study Design: This is a retrospective review of adults diagnosed with a DAVF between 1990 and 2006.

Microtubules and microfilaments coordinate to direct a fountain streaming pattern in elongating conifer pollen tube tips.

This study investigates how microtubules and microfilaments control organelle motility within the tips of conifer pollen tubes. Organelles in the 30-microm-long clear zone at the tip of Picea abies (L.) Karst.