Curious minds to aspiring pharmacists: Impact of high school outreach on pharmacy knowledge and interest.

Objective: To analyze the impact of a pharmacy student delivered presentation on prospective rural high school students' interest toward the pharmacy profession and knowledge regarding a career in pharmacy.

Methods: Presentations about applying to pharmacy school, the Doctor of Pharmacy degree, and pharmacist careers were given at ten high schools across North Dakota and Minnesota by third year pharmacy students attending North Dakota State University. Each pharmacy student presenter received training to ensure that all high school students received clear and consistent information.

Evaluation of a student pharmacist approach to NCAA substance education for student athletes.

Background And Purpose: The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) requires schools to provide anti-doping education to student athletes. The purpose of this project was to assess the effectiveness of student pharmacist-led education on NCAA student athletes' knowledge of banned supplements and nutritional/dietary supplements.

Educational Activity And Setting: Student athletes at one Midwest public university were provided a 20-min educational presentation on banned substances and nutritional and dietary supplements delivered by two student pharmacists.

Less Points, Less Stress, Better Learning in a Skills Laboratory Course Using Alternative Grading.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of alternative grading strategies on students' knowledge and confidence in a redesigned pharmacy skills laboratory course.

Methods: Alternative grading strategies including revise-and-resubmit assignments, purposeful peer and instructor feedback, and self-reflection were used to partially replace traditional grading strategies. Pre-post knowledge and confidence surveys were administered to 3 consecutive cohorts of students.

Economic Considerations and Cost-Saving Strategies for Sterile Compounding Education.

Objective: To determine economic considerations associated with the facilitation of sterile compounding education for students in schools and colleges of pharmacy across the United States.

Methods: An online survey was sent to members of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Pharmaceutics Section and Laboratory Instructor's Special Interest Group. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected on general information about the institution, student cohorts, compounding courses, types of compounds prepared, equipment, budgets, personnel, and cost-saving measures.

Economic Considerations and Cost-Saving Strategies for Nonsterile Compounding Education.

Objective: To determine the economic considerations, including cost-saving strategies, associated with nonsterile compounding education for students in schools and colleges of pharmacy across the United States.

Methods: An electronic survey was sent to the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Pharmaceutics Section and Laboratory Instructor's Special Interest Group members. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected about the institution, student cohorts, compounding courses, equipment, budgets, personnel, and cost-saving measures.

Guidance for Qualitative Research Manuscripts in Pharmacy Education.

The goal of this Best Practice Review is to support researchers in successfully preparing and publishing qualitative research in pharmacy education. Standard practice from the literature and journals' guidance from related fields were reviewed, and recommendations and resources applicable to qualitative research in pharmacy education were compiled for researchers planning to conduct and publish qualitative research. This review provides recommendations, not requirements, for publication in the Journal and is intended to be a guide, especially for authors and reviewers relatively new to the field of qualitative research.

Cooperative wikis used to promote constructivism and collaboration in a skills laboratory course.

Background And Purpose: This study was designed to promote students' engagement with course material through use of a wiki and to assess students' perceptions of and experience with wikis.

Educational Activity And Setting: Students used a wiki to complete course assignments. A post-survey evaluated their experience and measured four constructs related to use of the wiki: perceived learning, communication and reflection, satisfaction, and frustration.

Design and Assessment of Telepharmacy and Telehealth Training in Two Pharmacy Programs.

To develop and assess the impact of a learning module through the evaluation of students' knowledge of, perceptions of, and intent to provide telepharmacy and telehealth services. Second- and third-year students from two schools of pharmacy completed a telepharmacy and telehealth learning module and discussion questions. A postsurvey measured their knowledge, perceptions of, and intent to provide remote services.

Assessment of a two-school collaborative telepharmacy simulation.

Background And Purpose: The objectives of this study were to implement and assess a telepharmacy simulation for third-year students at two universities.

Educational Activity And Setting: Using telepharmacy, students completed a prescription verification activity and a patient counseling activity. Students completed surveys at baseline and after both activities.

Design and Assessment of a Pharmacy Student-Delivered Preceptor Development Program.

To design and assess the use of a pharmacy student-delivered preceptor development program. A student-delivered preceptor development program was developed to ensure all preceptors received documented preceptor development. A menu of discussion topics and associated teaching sheets were created by the school's office of experiential education.

Assessment of preceptor understanding and use of levels of entrustment.

Introduction: This study determined the need to calibrate preceptors' use of levels of entrustment (LOE) in the evaluation of students performing entrustable professional activities (EPAs).

Methods: Two introductory and four advanced pharmacy practice experience-focused cases were developed which described a fictional student, a practice site, and timing of a rotation. The cases included EPA-based tasks assigned to the student.

A Modified Delphi Involving Laboratory Faculty to Define Essential Skills for Pharmacy Graduates.

To define essential skills for Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) graduates that are needed in the four most common sectors of pharmacy practice as determined by expert faculty who instruct within pharmacy skills laboratories. A three-round Delphi method was used to establish consensus. In the first round, participants were asked what skills were needed by students at entry to practice in community, health-system, ambulatory care, and managed care pharmacy settings.

Designing an Escape Room to Increase Pharmacy Preceptor Knowledge of the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process.

To design and assess the use of an escape room for pharmacy preceptor development. An escape room for preceptor development that focused on the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process (PPCP), preceptor resources, and the school of pharmacy's mission and vision was created. Teams had to solve digital and practical puzzles to escape a pharmacy.

Facilitating Wellbeing in a Turbulent Time.

The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed the way we live, work, and study. As faculty members, staff members, and students attempt to create and maintain a new normal because of this pandemic, the preservation of wellbeing becomes the responsibility of each and every one of us. The pandemic has taught us not to presume the importance of wellbeing and has allowed us time to reflect on establishing new assumptions and beliefs about how and when we work and study; how to be more efficient in our work and home responsibilities; and above all, what is most important.

Transferability of a diabetes escape room into an accelerated pharmacy program.

Background And Purpose: Educational games can be used to increase students' knowledge of diabetes management. Students perceive educational games to be valuable learning tools. This study evaluated the transferability of a serious game, the diabetes escape room, between skills laboratories in a traditional program and an accelerated program.

Exploration of the entrepreneurial orientation and trait emotional intelligence in practicing pharmacists.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were 3-fold: to determine if there are differences in the level of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of pharmacists in 5 upper Midwestern states; to determine if the EO of the pharmacists differs with age, sex, employment status, practice setting, or practice role; and to determine if there is a positive assocation between trait emotional intelligence (EI) and EO.

Design: Item analysis, descriptive statistics, 1-way analysis of variance, Tukey test, Levene test of homogeneity of variances, Kruskal-Wallis tests, Pearson correlation coefficients, and an independent samples t test were used to analyze survey data.

Setting And Participants: Pharmacists in upper Midwest states.

Measuring health care students' attitudes toward interprofessional learning, perceptions of effectiveness as an interprofessional team member, and competence in managing adult cardiac arrest.

Background And Purpose: Interprofessional education can be used to prepare healthcare graduates for teamwork. Simulations, when used with interprofessional education, create realistic clinical situations that promote teamwork. Faculty assessed changes in pharmacy and nursing students' competence in treating adult cardiac arrest and perceived readiness for interprofessional learning and teamwork.

Use of Simulations to Improve Pharmacy Students' Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes About Medication Errors and Patient Safety.

To design and evaluate the use of simulations in preparing students to identify and reduce medication errors and promote patient safety. Third-year pharmacy students used methods of root cause analysis (RCA) to determine the cause of a medication error in three simulated pharmacy settings. Before and after the activity, students completed an anonymous survey.

Educational Gaming for Pharmacy Students - Design and Evaluation of a Diabetes-themed Escape Room.

To design an educational game that will increase third-year professional pharmacy students' knowledge of diabetes mellitus disease management and to evaluate their perceived value of the game. Faculty members created an innovative educational game, the diabetes escape room. An authentic escape room gaming environment was established through the use of a locked room, an escape time limit, and game rules within which student teams completed complex puzzles focused on diabetes disease management.

Use of an Auditory Hallucination Simulation to Increase Student Pharmacist Empathy for Patients with Mental Illness.

To increase student pharmacist empathy through the use of an auditory hallucination simulation. Third-year professional pharmacy students independently completed seven stations requiring skills such as communication, following directions, reading comprehension, and cognition while listening to an audio recording simulating what one experiencing auditory hallucinations may hear. Following the simulation, students participated in a faculty-led debriefing and completed a written reflection.

Performance and Perceptions: Evaluation of Pharmacy Students' Consultation via Telepharmacy.

Pharmacy education standards highlight the importance of effective communication skills and the use of technology to provide patient care. As technology evolves, pharmacists have opportunities to communicate in different and broader ways. The objectives of this study were 3-fold: to evaluate student ability to counsel via telepharmacy, to determine if there is a difference in students' abilities to counsel face-to-face or via telepharmacy, and to determine students' perceptions regarding patient consultation via telepharmacy.

Design and evaluation of a self-care educational activity as a student learning experience.

Objective: To design an educational activity and evaluate its effectiveness on increasing third-year pharmacy students' knowledge and confidence to recommend self-care products to patients.

Design: Faculty members created a self-care activity, the Amazing Self-Care Race, for educational use in a pharmaceutical care laboratory course. Student teams worked competitively to complete 15 stations focused on self-care.

Comparison of low- and higher-fidelity simulation to train and assess pharmacy students' injection technique.

Objective: To evaluate 2 forms of simulation used to train and assess third-year pharmacy students' subcutaneous and intramuscular injection techniques.

Design: A cross-over comparison was used to evaluate an injection pad vs a patient simulator injection arm to train students in injection administration.

Assessment: Students completed a survey instrument rating their proficiency, confidence, and anxiety before and after each form of simulated practice.

Provision of medication therapy management to university faculty and staff members by third-year pharmacy students.

Objective: To develop and implement a medication therapy management (MTM) curriculum and assess students' skills and attitudes after the provision of MTM services to faculty and staff members.

Design: Third-year students enrolled in a pharmaceutical care laboratory course received lectures and participated in MTM activities in preparation for an MTM encounter. Students conduced MTM sessions with university faculty and staff members, providing comprehensive medication review, blood pressure checks, and optional blood glucose and cholesterol (total cholesterol and HDL) screenings.