Electro-Nuclear Dynamics of Single and Double Ionization of H in Ultrafast Intense Laser Pulses.

We present an efficient method for modeling the single and double ionization dynamics of the H molecule in ultrashort, intense laser fields. This method is based on a semianalytical approach to calculate the time-dependent single and double molecular ionization rates and on a numerical approach to describe the vibrational motion that takes place in the intermediate molecular ion H. This model allows for the prediction of the single and double ionization probabilities of the H molecule to be made over a wide range of frequencies and laser intensities with limited computational time while providing a realistic estimate of the energy of the products of the dissociative ionization and of the Coulomb explosion of the H molecule.

ATP synthase: a moonlighting enzyme with unprecedented functions.

ATP synthase's intrinsic molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) adds constructively to, and hence reinforces, the chemiosmotic voltage. This ATP synthase voltage represents a new free energy term that appears to have been overlooked. This term is at least roughly equal in order of magnitude and opposite in sign to the energy needed to be dissipated as a Maxwell's demon (Landauer principle).