Cytokines, chemokines and growth factors profile in human aqueous humor in idiopathic uveitis.

To investigate which cytokines, chemokines and growth factors are involved in the immunopathogenesis of idiopathic uveitis, and whether cytokine profiles are associated with. Serum and aqueous humor (AH) samples of 75 patients with idiopathic uveitis were analyzed by multiplex immunoassay. Infectious controls consisted of 16 patients with ocular toxoplasmosis all confirmed by intraocular fluid analyses.

AβPP-induced UPR Transcriptomic Signature of Glial Cells to Oxidative Stress as an Adaptive Mechanism to Preserve Cell Function and Survival.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) present similarities, particularly with respect to oxidative stress, including production of 4-Hydroxy-2- nonenal (HNE). AMD has been named the AD in the eye. The Müller cells (MC) function as a principal glia of the retina and maintain water/potassium, glutamate homeostasis and redox status.

Hyaluronan fragments improve wound healing on in vitro cutaneous model through P2X7 purinoreceptor basal activation: role of molecular weight.

Background: hyaluronan biopolymer is used in dermatology but the underlying mechanism and the impact of its molecular weight have not yet been investigated in skin wound healing. The aim of our work was to study the role of HA molecular weight in the proliferative phase of wound healing and to understand how this physiological biopolymer acts to promote wound healing on a human keratinocyte in vitro model.

Methodology And Findings: wound healing closure was evaluated using scratch test assay, cell proliferation by counting cell with haemocytometer, expression of CD44 and ZO-1 (protein present in tight junctions specific of epithelia) using flow cytometry, and P2X7 receptor activation on living using a cytoflurometric method.

In vitro interactions between peripheral blood lymphocytes and the Wong-Kilbourne derivative of Chang conjunctival cells.

Purpose: To investigate the interactions between conjunctival cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) in vitro and to analyze the role of benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced apoptosis in this model.

Methods: Wong-Kilbourne derivative (WKD) cells were cocultured in cell-contact cultures or on cell inserts for 1 to 7 days with PBLs, activated or not with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Morphologic analyses of cell interactions were performed using membrane stainings (green PKH67 for WKD cells and red PKH26 for PBL), F-actin immunostaining, and scanning electron microscopy.

Does modulation of organic cation transporters improve pralidoxime activity in an animal model of organophosphate poisoning?

Objectives: Pralidoxime is an organic cation used as an antidote in addition to atropine to treat organophosphate poisoning. Pralidoxime is rapidly eliminated by the renal route and thus has limited action. The objectives of this work were as follows.

Multipurpose solutions and contact lens: modulation of cytotoxicity and apoptosis on the ocular surface.

Purpose: We evaluated (1) 4 multipurpose lens care solutions and 3 contact lenses (soft and rigid) for cytotoxicity according to ISO 10993-5 standard (medical device biocompatibility) and (2) the protective effects of a marine cationic solution and hyaluronic acid.

Methods: Low water soft lens, high water soft lens, and rigid lens were laid on a conjunctival cell line after being soaked in multipurpose solution (Optifree Express, Renu, Solocare Aqua, or Menicare Plus). Cell morphology was microscopically observed, and cell viability was evaluated using the neutral red test.

Per os administered refined olive oil and marine PUFA-rich oils reach the cornea: possible role on oxidative stress through caveolin-1 modulation.

Background: Olive oil and fish oils are known to possess beneficial properties for human health. We investigated whether different oils and fatty acids alone were able to decrease oxidative stress induced on corneal cells.

Methods: In our in vivo study, rats were fed with marine oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) or refined olive oil during 28 days.

Corneal protection with high-molecular-weight hyaluronan against in vitro and in vivo sodium lauryl sulfate-induced toxic effects.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate high-molecular-weight hyaluronan (HA-HMW) corneal protection against sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-induced toxic effects with in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches.

Methods: In vitro experiments consisted of a human corneal epithelial cell line incubated with HA-HMW, rinsed, and incubated with SLS. Cell viability, oxidative stress, chromatin condensation, caspase-3, -8, -9, and P2X7 cell death receptor activation, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8 production were investigated.

High molecular weight hyaluronan decreases UVB-induced apoptosis and inflammation in human epithelial corneal cells.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate high molecular weight hyaluronan (HMW-HA) protection on human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells against ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced toxic effects.

Methods: The HCE cell line was incubated with HMW-HA or phosphate-buffered salt solution (PBS), rinsed, and exposed to UVB radiation. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) levels, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) release, p53 phosphorylation, caspase-3, -8, -9 activation, and interleukin (IL)-6 and -8 production were assessed to evaluate and to compare UVB-induced toxicity between cells treated with HMW-HA and cells treated with PBS.

Multiple endpoint analysis of the 3D-reconstituted corneal epithelium after treatment with benzalkonium chloride: early detection of toxic damage.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of benzalkonium chloride (BAK) on the human reconstituted corneal epithelial model (HCE) and to optimize the operating potential of this model in the field of ophthalmic toxicology.

Methods: The HCEs were treated with 0.001% to 0.

Ocular burn: rinsing and healing with ionic marine solutions and vegetable oils.

Purpose: We investigated the effects of various rinsing and healing protocols on corneal wound repair and inflammation following alkali burn in rabbits.

Methods: We conducted in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo studies. First, different rinse solutions were tested in vitro after incubation of ocular cells with methanol or NaOH.

In vivo confocal microscopic grading system for standardized corneal evaluation: application to toxic-induced damage in rat.

Purpose: To propose an in vivo confocal microscopic scoring system for evaluation of irritant-induced corneal changes.

Materials And Methods: Rat corneas were instilled with 0.01-0.

In vitro modulation of preservative toxicity: high molecular weight hyaluronan decreases apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by benzalkonium chloride.

Objective: Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) is one of the most often used preservative in pharmaceutical products and it is known to induce toxic effects. Hyaluronan (HA), a linear biopolymer, is involved in several biological processes. The aim of this work is to in vitro investigate if HA is able to decrease BAK toxicity.

Effects of toxic cellular stresses and divalent cations on the human P2X7 cell death receptor.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate responses to toxic cellular stresses in different human ocular epithelia.

Methods: Reactivity with a specific anti-P2X7 antibody was studied using confocal fluorescence microscopy on conjunctival, corneal, lens, and retinal cell lines as well as using impression cytology on human ocular cells. Activation of the P2X7 receptor by selective agonists (ATP and benzoylbenzoyl-ATP) and inhibition by antagonists (oATP, KN-62, and PPADS) were evaluated using the quinolinium,4-[(3-methyl-2-(3H)-benzoxazolylidene) methyl]-1-[3-(triethylammonio)propyl]di-iodide (YO-PRO-1) test in cytofluorometry.

In vitro effects of preservative-free tafluprost and preserved latanoprost, travoprost, and bimatoprost in a conjunctival epithelial cell line.

Purpose: This study compared the toxicity profiles of three antiglaucoma prostaglandin F2alpha analogs, latanoprost, travoprost, and bimatoprost which contain benzalkonium chloride (BAK), with tafluprost, a new preservative-free prostaglandin analog.

Methods: IOBA-NHC cells were exposed to BAK-containing prostanoid solutions, their respective BAK concentrations, and preservative-free tafluprost solution for 30 min. Membrane integrity, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and cells morphology were evaluated.

Antioxidative properties of galantamine on neuronal damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in SK-N-SH cells.

Galantamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to enhance memory in AD patients by acetylcholinesterase inhibition, has been tested for its protective properties on an in vitro model of H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress. SK-N-SH cells treated with H(2)O(2) for 2h showed an increase in ROS production (54%) and in NO production (52%) together with a marked reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential (19%). These features, typical of the oxidative injury that accompanies AD, were partly recovered by galantamine.

Cytotoxicity of contact lens multipurpose solutions: role of oxidative stress, mitochondrial activity and P2X7 cell death receptor activation.

Objective: To investigate the cytotoxicity of multipurpose solutions used for contact lens disinfection.

Methods: Four multipurpose solutions (Optifree containing quaternary ammonium as preservative, Renu, Solocare and Complete containing polyhexamethylene biguanide as preservative) were incubated on a conjunctival cell line to evaluate their capacity to induce necrosis (neutral red test), intracellular redox status alteration (Alamar Blue test), reactive oxygen species overproduction (DCFH-DA and dihydroethidium tests), mitochondrial alterations (NonylAcridine Orange and JC-1 tests) and to activate P2X7 cell death receptor (YO-PRO-1 test). Tests were performed using cytofluorometry and inverted fluorescence microscopy.

New tools for the evaluation of toxic ocular surface changes in the rat.

Purpose: To assess the usefulness of noninvasive combined technologies used to observe ocular surface changes in toxicology studies.

Methods: Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) at 0.01%, 0.

Benefits and side effects of different vegetable oil vectors on apoptosis, oxidative stress, and P2X7 cell death receptor activation.

Purpose: Ocular side effects in patients using eye drops may be due to intolerance to the vector used in eye drops. Castor oil is the commonly used lipophilic vector but has been shown to be cytotoxic. Effects on cells of four oils (olive, camelina, Aleurites moluccana, maize) were compared with those of castor oil in human conjunctival cells.

Stimulation of anti-melanoma immune effectors via modified tumour cells exhibiting inhibited IGF-I and low CD9.

Modified melanoma cells (B16-F0.MOD) characterized by inhibited IGF-I, CD9 low but not their wild-type counterparts (B16-F0.WT), IGF-I positive, CD9 high, were shown to be immunogenic for syngeneic hosts.

In vitro studies of antiglaucomatous prostaglandin analogues: travoprost with and without benzalkonium chloride and preserved latanoprost.

Purpose: With use of the Wong-Kilbourne derivative Chang conjunctival cell line, this study compared in vitro the ocular toxicity of three topical intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering agents: travoprost 0.004% containing 0.015% benzalkonium chloride (BAK), travoprost Z 0.

Acute systemic inflammation induces central mitochondrial damage and mnesic deficit in adult Swiss mice.

The aim of this study was to investigate how the brain is affected during systemic inflammation. For this purpose, Swiss mice were challenged with a single intraperitoneal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 250microg/mouse) to mimic aspects of systemic infection. Spatial learning in Y-maze test demonstrated a differential learning profile during the training test between control and LPS-treated mice, with an alteration in the latter group.

LPS-stimulated inflammation and apoptosis in corneal injury models.

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the proinflammatory and apoptotic effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in three rabbit corneal injury models using a new in vivo confocal microscope (IVCM) and immunohistological techniques.

Methods: Adult male New Zealand albino rabbits were used in this study. Three corneal models were tested: corneal incision, corneal epithelium scraping, and corneal suture.

The ocular surface of glaucoma patients treated over the long term expresses inflammatory markers related to both T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 pathways.

Purpose: To investigate the expression of CCR5 and CCR4, two chemokine receptors, as markers of the T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 pathways, respectively, and class II antigen HLA-DR as a hallmark of inflammation on conjunctival cells obtained from patients receiving long-term glaucoma treatment.

Design: Case-control study.

Participants: A total of 18 normal subjects and 70 glaucoma patients treated with topical antiglaucoma drugs for more than 1 year: 14 receiving a beta-blocker as monotherapy, 38 treated with a prostaglandin analog alone (19 with latanoprost, 6 with travoprost, 13 with bimatoprost), and 18 receiving multiple treatments.

In vivo confocal microscopy and ex vivo flow cytometry: new tools for assessing ocular inflammation applied to rabbit lipopolysaccharide-induced conjunctivitis.

Purpose: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may act as a key stimulatory agent in ocular surface diseases (OSDs) through TNF-alpha release. We used in vivo confocal microscopy (CM) and ex vivo flow cytometry, two new tools for assessing ocular inflammation induced by LPS.

Methods: We investigated a model of acute inflammation in rabbits by subconjunctival injection of LPS and developed new evaluation techniques for animal models: CM, to observe inflammatory infiltrates, and conjunctival impression cytology (IC) specimens processed with in vitro CM and flow cytometry for assessing TNF-alpha and TNF receptor-1 (TNFR-1) expression.