Endoscopic Transorbital Approaches to Anterior and Middle Cranial Fossa: A Laboratory Investigation on Surgical Anatomy and Potential Routes.

 Transorbital neuroendoscopic (TONES) approaches promise to open up new horizons for skull base surgery, offering alternative routes to reach the anterior and middle cranial fossa (ACF and MCF, respectively).  The aim of this anatomical study is to acquire new surgical anatomy knowledge and exploit it for the refinement of TONES approaches, as an alternative to open surgery, to reduce the distance to the target, and the risk of neurovascular lesions in pathological conditions extending beyond the orbital cavity.  Six head specimens (12 orbits) were studied/dissected.

Imaging spectrum of Bing-Neel syndrome: how can a radiologist recognise this rare neurological complication of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia?

Objectives: Bing-Neel syndrome (BNS) is a rare neurological complication of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. The aim of this study is to describe the spectrum of radiological manifestations of this syndrome and their prevalence in order to facilitate its early diagnosis.

Methods: Twenty-four patients with BNS were diagnosed between 1994 and 2016 in eight centres in France.

Vascular Imaging Techniques of the Spinal Cord.

The various imaging techniques used to depict vascular lesions of the spinal cord are described in this article with particular emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), vascular sequences, and advantages of high-field MRI. Technical vascular protocols are discussed in computed tomography, MRI, and conventional angiography. The diverse magnetic resonance angiography protocols are presented as well as their findings, specificities, and pitfalls.

Cockayne syndrome: a diffusion tensor imaging and volumetric study.

Objective: Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a rare disorder characterized by severe brain atrophy, white matter (WM) hypomyelination and basal ganglia calcifications. This study aimed to quantify atrophy and WM abnormalities using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and volumetric analysis, to evaluate possible differences between CS subtypes and to determine whether DTI findings may correspond to a hypomyelinating disorder.

Methods: 14 patients with CS and 14 controls underwent brain MRI including DTI and a volumetric three-dimensional T weighted sequence.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cerebral Aspergillosis: Imaging and Pathological Correlations.

Cerebral aspergillosis is associated with a significant morbidity and mortality rate. The imaging data present different patterns and no full consensus exists on typical imaging characteristics of the cerebral lesions. We reviewed MRI findings in 21 patients with cerebral aspergillosis and correlated them to the immune status of the patients and to neuropathological findings when tissue was available.

Three-dimensional MR imaging of the brachial plexus.

Pathologic conditions of the brachial plexus often result in serious and disabling complications. With the increasing availability and use of new and powerful MRI sequences and coils, understanding and assessment of the complex anatomy and pathology of the brachial plexus have been greatly facilitated. These new technical developments have led to an improved assessment of brachial plexus lesions, thereby improving patient care.

Pituitary MRI characteristics in 297 acromegaly patients based on T2-weighted sequences.

Responses of GH-secreting adenomas to multimodal management of acromegaly vary widely between patients. Understanding the behavioral patterns of GH-secreting adenomas by identifying factors predictive of their evolution is a research priority. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between the T2-weighted adenoma signal on diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in acromegaly and clinical and biological features at diagnosis.

Giant postsurgical pseudomeningocele by SPECT/CT cisternography.

We describe a case of a 32-year-old man with a giant pseudomeningocele seen on MRI examination 6 months after spinal surgery. Radionuclide SPECT/CT cisternography performed after intrathecal suboccipital injection of In-DTPA identified the site of cerebral spinal fluid leak at the L4 level, and the patient underwent surgical correction of the dural defect. A repeat MRI examination 8 months later showed no signs of recurrence.

A new method of real-time skin dose visualization. Clinical evaluation of fluoroscopically guided interventions.

Introduction: We have conducted a prospective study to clinically evaluate a new radiation dose observing tool that displays patient's peak skin dose (PSD) map in real time.

Methods: The skin dose map (SDM) prototype quantifies the air kerma based on exposure parameters from the X-ray system. The accuracy of this prototype was evaluated with radiochromic films, which were used as a mean for PSD measurement.

Dual-energy CT in vertebral compression fractures: performance of visual and quantitative analysis for bone marrow edema demonstration with comparison to MRI.

Objective: To prospectively evaluate the performance of virtual non-calcium (VNC) dual-energy CT (DECT) images for the demonstration of trauma-related abnormal marrow attenuation in collapsed and non-collapsed vertebral compression fractures (VCF) with MRI as a reference standard.

Materials And Methods: Twenty patients presenting with non-tumoral VCF were consecutively and prospectively included in this IRB-approved study, and underwent MRI and DECT of the spine. MR examination served as a reference standard.

In vivo macrophage imaging using MR targeted contrast agent for longitudinal evaluation of septic arthritis.

Macrophages are key-cells in the initiation, the development and the regulation of the inflammatory response to bacterial infection. Macrophages are intensively and increasingly recruited in septic joints from the early phases of infection and the infiltration is supposed to regress once efficient removal of the pathogens is obtained. The ability to identify in vivo macrophage activity in an infected joint can therefore provide two main applications: early detection of acute synovitis and monitoring of therapy.

Robin Hood caught in Wonderland: brain SPECT findings.

We present the case of a 53-year-old woman presenting several episodes of body image distortions, ground deformation illusions, and problems assessing distance in the orthostatic position corresponding to the Alice in Wonderland syndrome. No symptoms were reported when sitting or lying down. She had uncontrolled hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and a history of head trauma.

Evaluation of an albumin-binding gadolinium contrast agent in multiple sclerosis.

Objective: The first goal of this study is to compare gadofosveset trisodium--a gadolinium agent that reversibly binds to albumin--to an extracellular contrast agent (Gd-DOTA) for the detection of multiple sclerosis lesions. The second goal is to determine the best postinjection time for the detection of contrast-enhanced lesions.

Methods: Nine patients underwent 2 MRI examinations, respectively, after Gd-DOTA (0.

Imaging evaluation of inflammation in the musculoskeletal system: current concepts and perspectives.

Inflammation is the non-specific stereotyped reaction of the musculoskeletal system to various types of aggression, such as infection, tumor, autoimmune diseases, or trauma. Precise evaluation and, increasingly, reliable quantification of inflammation are now key factors for optimal patient management, as targeted therapies (e.g.

Multimodal imaging-monitored progression of stroke-like episodes in a case of MELAS syndrome.

We report imaging findings during, between, and after 2 stroke-like episodes in a 45-year-old woman with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome with an A32243G mitochondrial mutation 6 years before. In November 2010, for a first episode, she showed mixed aphasia with logorrhea, disinhibition, agitation, euphoria, and a large left temporoparietal lesion. Symptomatology progressively regressed under L-arginine treatment.

BTK: an open-source toolkit for fetal brain MR image processing.

Studies about brain maturation aim at providing a better understanding of brain development and links between brain changes and cognitive development. Such studies are of great interest for diagnosis help and clinical course of development and treatment of illnesses. However, the processing of fetal brain MR images remains complicated which limits the translation from the research to the clinical domain.

Multimodal imaging approach to cerebral gas embolism lesions.

Cerebral gas embolism may be revealed by the sudden onset of unconsciousness sometimes after surgery or after diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The clinical diagnosis may be difficult if the context is not relevant. Imaging can therefore play a crucial role in revealing the presence of intracranial gas bubbles on CT or MRI scans.

Cone-beam computed tomography arthrography: an innovative modality for the evaluation of wrist ligament and cartilage injuries.

Purpose: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has become an important modality in dento-facial imaging but remains poorly used in the exploration of the musculoskeletal system. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the performance and radiation exposure of CBCT arthrography in the evaluation of ligament and cartilage injuries in cadaveric wrists, with gross pathology findings as the standard of reference.

Materials And Methods: Conventional arthrography was performed under fluoroscopic guidance on 10 cadaveric wrists, followed by MDCT acquisition and CBCT acquisition.

Thick corpus callosum: a clue to the diagnosis of fetal septopreoptic holoprosencephaly?

We describe fetal septopreoptic holoprosencephaly (HPE) associated with a thick corpus callosum (CC) diagnosed with MRI in a fetus at 31 weeks' gestation. Our report supports a recently published study connecting a thick fetal CC to other brain abnormalities. On diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), the body of the CC contained an abnormal longitudinal bundle, presumed to be a congenital heterotopic cingulum.

Reconstruction of scattered data in fetal diffusion MRI.

In this paper we present a method for reconstructing diffusion-weighted MRI data on regular grids from scattered data. The proposed method has the advantage that no specific diffusion model needs to be assumed. Previous work assume the tensor model, but this is not suitable under certain conditions like intravoxel orientational heterogeneity (IVOH).

Septic arthritis: monitoring with USPIO-enhanced macrophage MR imaging.

Purpose: To prospectively evaluate in vivo noninvasive monitoring of antibiotic therapy in experimental infectious arthritis by imaging macrophages by using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging enhanced with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) particles.

Materials And Methods: The institutional review committee on animal care approved the experimental protocol. Unilateral knee infection was induced by intra-articular injection of Staphylococcus aureus in 12 rabbits.

Raine syndrome: expanding the radiological spectrum.

We describe ante- and postnatal imaging of a 1-year-old otherwise healthy girl with Raine syndrome. She presented with neonatal respiratory distress related to a pyriform aperture stenosis, which was diagnosed on CT. Signs of chondrodysplasia punctata, sagittal vertebral clefting and intervertebral disc and renal calcifications were also found on imaging.