The Fungal Effector Mlp37347 Alters Plasmodesmata Fluxes and Enhances Susceptibility to Pathogen.

is a devastating pathogen of poplar trees, causing the defoliating poplar leaf rust disease. Genomic studies have revealed that possesses a repertoire of 1184 small secreted proteins (SSPs), some of them being characterized as candidate effectors. However, how they promote virulence is still unclear.

Turnip Mosaic Virus Components Are Released into the Extracellular Space by Vesicles in Infected Leaves.

Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) reorganizes the endomembrane system of the infected cell to generate endoplasmic-reticulum-derived motile vesicles containing viral replication complexes. The membrane-associated viral protein 6K plays a key role in the formation of these vesicles. Using confocal microscopy, we observed that this viral protein, a marker for viral replication complexes, localized in the extracellular space of infected leaves.

A Host ER Fusogen Is Recruited by for Maturation of Viral Replication Vesicles.

Like other positive-strand RNA viruses, the (TuMV) infection leads to the formation of viral vesicles at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Once released from the ER, the viral vesicles mature intracellularly and then move intercellularly. While it is known that the membrane-associated viral protein 6K2 plays a role in the process, the contribution of host proteins has been poorly defined.

Turnip Mosaic Virus Uses the SNARE Protein VTI11 in an Unconventional Route for Replication Vesicle Trafficking.

Infection of plant cells by RNA viruses leads to the generation of organelle-like subcellular structures that contain the viral replication complex. During (TuMV) infection of , the viral membrane protein 6K plays a key role in the release of motile replication vesicles from the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we demonstrate that 6K contains a GxxxG motif within its predicted transmembrane domain that is vital for TuMV infection.

Three-Dimensional Architecture and Biogenesis of Membrane Structures Associated with Plant Virus Replication.

Positive-sense (+) RNA viruses represent the most abundant group of viruses and are dependent on the host cell machinery to replicate. One remarkable feature that occurs after (+) RNA virus entry into cells is the remodeling of host endomembranes, leading to the formation of viral replication factories. Recently, rapid progress in three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies, such as electron tomography (ET) and focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), has enabled researchers to visualize the novel membrane structures induced by viruses at high resolution.

Cylindrical Inclusion Protein of Turnip Mosaic Virus Serves as a Docking Point for the Intercellular Movement of Viral Replication Vesicles.

Plant viruses move from the initially infected cell to adjacent cells through plasmodesmata (PDs). To do so, viruses encode dedicated protein(s) that facilitate this process. How viral proteins act together to support the intercellular movement of viruses is poorly defined.

Antiviral activity of a novel composition of peracetic acid disinfectant on parvoviruses.

Porcine parvoviruses (PPV) are known to be particularly resistant to many disinfectants used to control other non-enveloped viruses. However, effective disinfectants used against PPV are harsh and corrosive to animal health facilities and the environment. We propose a noncorrosive "green" disinfectant that generates peracetic acid and is capable of inactivating PPV completely at a 1% concentration for a 10-minute contact time.

Ultrastructural Characterization of Turnip Mosaic Virus-Induced Cellular Rearrangements Reveals Membrane-Bound Viral Particles Accumulating in Vacuoles.

Unlabelled: Positive-strand RNA [(+) RNA] viruses remodel cellular membranes to facilitate virus replication and assembly. In the case of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), the viral membrane protein 6K2 plays an essential role in endomembrane alterations. Although 6K2-induced membrane dynamics have been widely studied by confocal microscopy, the ultrastructure of this remodeling has not been extensively examined.

Membrane-associated virus replication complexes locate to plant conducting tubes.

It is generally accepted that in order to establish a systemic infection in a plant, viruses move from the initially infected cell to the vascular tissues by cell-to-cell movement through plasmodesmata (PD), and load into the vascular conducting tubes (i.e. phloem sieve elements and xylem vessel elements) for long-distance movement.

The Vesicle-Forming 6K2 Protein of Turnip Mosaic Virus Interacts with the COPII Coatomer Sec24a for Viral Systemic Infection.

Unlabelled: Positive-sense RNA viruses remodel host cell endomembranes to generate quasi-organelles known as "viral factories" to coordinate diverse viral processes, such as genome translation and replication. It is also becoming clear that enclosing viral RNA (vRNA) complexes within membranous structures is important for virus cell-to-cell spread throughout the host. In plant cells infected by turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), a member of the family Potyviridae, peripheral motile endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived viral vesicles are produced that carry the vRNA to plasmodesmata for delivery into adjacent noninfected cells.

Turnip mosaic virus moves systemically through both phloem and xylem as membrane-associated complexes.

Plant viruses move systemically in plants through the phloem. They move as virions or as ribonucleic protein complexes, although it is not clear what these complexes are made of. The approximately 10-kb RNA genome of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) encodes a membrane protein, known as 6K2, that induces endomembrane rearrangements for the formation of viral replication factories.

6K2-induced vesicles can move cell to cell during turnip mosaic virus infection.

To successfully infect plants, viruses replicate in an initially infected cell and then move to neighboring cells through plasmodesmata (PDs). However, the nature of the viral entity that crosses over the cell barrier into non-infected ones is not clear. The membrane-associated 6K2 protein of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) induces the formation of vesicles involved in the replication and intracellular movement of viral RNA.

Contribution of host intracellular transport machineries to intercellular movement of turnip mosaic virus.

The contribution of different host cell transport systems in the intercellular movement of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) was investigated. To discriminate between primary infections and secondary infections associated with the virus intercellular movement, a gene cassette expressing GFP-HDEL was inserted adjacent to a TuMV infectious cassette expressing 6K₂:mCherry, both within the T-DNA borders of the binary vector pCambia. In this system, both gene cassettes were delivered to the same cell by a single binary vector and primary infection foci emitted green and red fluorescence while secondarily infected cells emitted only red fluorescence.

Remodelage cellulaire par les Phytovirus.

The plant cell is reprogrammed and undergoes drastic morphological alterations during infection by viruses. Infection leads to the formation of viral factories, derived from host cell membranes for viral replication. This review discusses the biogenesis of the different viral replication factories that are observed and the impact of their formation on the cell metabolism.

Hijack it, change it: how do plant viruses utilize the host secretory pathway for efficient viral replication and spread?

The secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells has an elaborated set of endomembrane compartments involved in the synthesis, modification, and sorting of proteins and lipids. The secretory pathway in plant cells shares many features with that in other eukaryotic cells but also has distinct characteristics important for fundamental cell and developmental processes and for proper immune responses. Recently, there has been evidence that the remodeling of this pathway, and often the formation of viral-induced organelles, play an important role in viral replication and spread.

Host endomembrane recruitment for plant RNA virus replication.

Although there is a significant amount of literature that deals with the identification of plant viral proteins involved in membrane remodeling and vesicle production in infected cells, there are very few investigations that report on the impact that infection has on the overall architecture and dynamics of the early secretory endomembranes. Recent investigations have shown that for some viruses the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies and other organelles are heavily recruited into virus-induced perinuclear structures. These structures are not isolated organelles and are dynamically connected to the bulk of non-modified endomembranes.

Impact on the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of turnip mosaic virus infection.

The impact of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection on the endomembranes of the host early secretory pathway was investigated using an infectious clone that has been engineered for tagging viral membrane structures with a fluorescent protein fused to the viral protein 6K(2). TuMV infection led to the amalgamation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, COPII coatamers, and chloroplasts into a perinuclear globular structure that also contained viral proteins. One consequence of TuMV infection was that protein secretion was blocked at the ER-Golgi interface.

The genome-linked protein VPg of plant viruses-a protein with many partners.

For some plant positive-sense RNA viruses, a protein known as VPg (short for virus protein, genome linked) is covalently linked to the 5' end of the viral RNA. The VPg is an intrinsically disordered protein, and this property would confer an ability to bind several proteins. Accordingly, the potyvirus VPg interacts with many proteins, notably host factors involved in protein synthesis within viral replication factories or within the nucleus.

A model for the biogenesis of turnip mosaic virus replication factories.

Nicotiana benthamiana plants were agroinfiltrated with an infectious clone of the Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) that was engineered to tag replication vesicles with either GFP or mCherry fluorescent proteins. Punctuate vesicle structures were observed in the cytoplasm of infected cells corresponding to viral replication factories. The vesicles were highly motile and co-aligned with the microfilaments.

Cellular remodeling during plant virus infection.

This review focuses on the extensive membrane and organelle rearrangements that have been observed in plant cells infected with RNA viruses. The modifications generally involve the formation of spherules, vesicles, and/or multivesicular bodies associated with various organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes. These virus-induced organelles house the viral RNA replication complex and are known as virus factories or viroplasms.

Sequential recruitment of the endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplasts for plant potyvirus replication.

The replication of positive-strand RNA viruses occurs in cytoplasmic membrane-bound virus replication complexes (VRCs). Depending on the virus, distinct cellular organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), chloroplast, mitochondrion, endosome, and peroxisome are recruited for the formation of VRC-associated membranous structures. Previously, the 6,000-molecular-weight protein (6K) of plant potyviruses was shown to be an integral membrane protein that induces the formation of 6K-containing membranous vesicles at endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites for potyvirus genome replication.

A host RNA helicase-like protein, AtRH8, interacts with the potyviral genome-linked protein, VPg, associates with the virus accumulation complex, and is essential for infection.

The viral genome-linked protein, VPg, of potyviruses is a multifunctional protein involved in viral genome translation and replication. Previous studies have shown that both eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and eIF4G or their respective isoforms from the eIF4F complex, which modulates the initiation of protein translation, selectively interact with VPg and are required for potyvirus infection. Here, we report the identification of two DEAD-box RNA helicase-like proteins, PpDDXL and AtRH8 from peach (Prunus persica) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), respectively, both interacting with VPg.

Average 3-dimensional models for the comparison of Orbscan II and Pentacam pachymetry maps in normal corneas.

Purpose: To assess the reliability of Orbscan (Bausch & Lomb, Salt Lake City, UT) and Pentacam (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) central corneal thickness (CCT) and peripheral corneal thickness (PCT) measurements based on 2 methodologies.

Design: Evaluation of a diagnostic technology.

Participants: Thirty healthy volunteers were recruited prospectively at the Department of Ophthalmology of the Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Paris, France.