Lifelong bilingualism and mechanisms of neuroprotection in Alzheimer dementia.

Lifelong bilingualism is associated with delayed dementia onset, suggesting a protective effect on the brain. Here, we aim to study the effects of lifelong bilingualism as a dichotomous and continuous phenomenon, on brain metabolism and connectivity in individuals with Alzheimer's dementia. Ninety-eight patients with Alzheimer's dementia (56 monolinguals; 42 bilinguals) from three centers entered the study.

Encephalopathies Associated With Severe COVID-19 Present Neurovascular Unit Alterations Without Evidence for Strong Neuroinflammation.

Objective: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been associated with a large variety of neurologic disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying these neurologic complications remain elusive. In this study, we aimed at determining whether neurologic symptoms were caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) direct infection or by either systemic or local proinflammatory mediators.

Case Report: Behavioral Unresponsiveness in Acute COVID-19 Patients: The Utility of the Motor Behavior Tool-Revised and F-FDG PET/CT.

Along with the propagation of COVID-19, emerging evidence reveals significant neurological manifestations in severely infected COVID-19 patients. Among these patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), behavioral unresponsiveness may occur frequently, yet, there are still only a few cases reported and with rare descriptions of their motor behavior after pathological awakening. Several hypotheses regarding central lesions in these patients are conceivable.

[Neurorehabilitation in the acute and post-acute phase: what did we learn from the first wave of COVID-19?].

The majority of patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) present mild to moderate illness and recover without hospitalization. Nevertheless, 5 % of cases require hospitalization in the intensive care unit, with 15 % of them showing severe central and peripheral nervous system manifestations. These patients should be considered high risk patients and their management must include prevention of a potential accompanying cascade of negative factors.

[Acute severe neuropathies in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection].

Various neuromuscular complications have been described in SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and Critical Illness neuromyopathy (CI-NM). Two representative cases are discussed below. It appears that GBS shares most of the characteristics of classical post-infectious GBS, but SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to the increased incidence of CI-NM.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome with refractory cardiogenic shock due to acute myocarditis and mononeuritis multiplex after SARS-CoV-2 infection in an adult.

A 22-year-old male with a typical history of pauci-symptomatic COVID-19 3 weeks earlier, confirmed by positive serology for SARS-CoV-2 (IgG), was admitted to the intensive care unit because of severe myocarditis with refractory cardiogenic shock that required extracorporeal life support. Due to a clinical presentation suggestive of Kawasaki-like disease with coronary aneurysm and severe systemic inflammation, intravenous immunoglobulins were administered in combination with tocilizumab. The initial clinical course was favourable with these treatments.

Poor reward sensitivity and apathy after stroke: implication of basal ganglia.

Objective: To examine the relationship between reward sensitivity and self-reported apathy in stroke patients and to investigate the neuroanatomical correlates of both reward sensitivity and apathy.

Methods: In this prospective study, 55 chronic stroke patients were administered a questionnaire to assess apathy and a laboratory task to examine reward sensitivity by measuring motivationally driven behavior ("reinforcement-related speeding"). Fifteen participants without brain damage served as controls for the laboratory task.