Acute Toxicity in the Rat Lung Induced by Intratracheal Instillation of Glycolic Acid.

Background/aim: Inhalation toxicity tests of glycolic acid, which is used in many household products, have been reported, but the pulmonary toxicity of glycolic-acid has not been confirmed. Here, the lung damage caused by glycolic acid was investigated in rats.

Materials And Methods: An intratracheal instillation test was performed with glycolic acid in male rats.

Pulmonary toxicity of sodium dichloroisocyanurate after intratracheal instillation in sprague-dawley rats.

In water, sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), a source for chlorine gas generation, releases free available chlorine in the form of hypochlorous acid, a strong oxidizing agent. NaDCC has been used as a disinfectant in humidifiers; however, its inhalation toxicity is a concern. Seven-week-old rats were exposed to NaDCC doses of 100, 500, and 2500 μg·kg body weight by intratracheal instillation (ITI) to investigate pulmonary toxicity.

Prediction of acute inhalation toxicity using cytotoxicity data from human lung epithelial cell lines.

Recent research on in vitro systems has focused on mimicking the in vivo situation of cells within the respiratory system. However, few studies have predicted inhalation toxicity using conventional and simple submerged two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models. We investigated the conventional submerged 2-D cell culture model as a method for the prediction of acute inhalation toxicity.

Comprehensive pulmonary toxicity assessment of cetylpyridinium chloride using A549 cells and Sprague-Dawley rats.

Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a quaternary ammonium compound and cationic surfactant, is used in personal hygiene products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, and nasal spray. Although public exposure to CPC is frequent, its pulmonary toxicity has yet to be fully characterized. Due to high risks of CPC inhalation, we aimed to comprehensively elucidate the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of CPC.

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Toxic Effects of Dodecylguanidine Hydrochloride.

The toxicity profiles of the widely used guanidine-based chemicals have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of eight guanidine-based chemicals, focusing on inhalation toxicity. Among the eight chemicals, dodecylguanidine hydrochloride (DGH) was found to be the most cytotoxic (IC: 0.

Acute and 28-Day Repeated Inhalation Toxicity Study of Glycolic Acid in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats.

Background/aim: The use of glycolic acid is present in a variety of consumer products, including medicines, cleaners, cosmetics, and paint strippers. It has recently led to concerns about toxicity from inhalation exposure. Herein, the pulmonary toxicity of glycolic acid was investigated in rats.

In vitro and in silico AHR assays for assessing the risk of heavy oil-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish.

In the aftermath of the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11, 2011, marine fish in Kesennuma Bay, Japan, have been contaminated with heavy oil containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To estimate the risk of six PAHs (benzo[α]pyrene, dibenzothiophene, phenanthrene, 2,3,5-trimethylnaphthalene, acenaphthene, and 1-methylphenanthrene), which have been detected at high levels in the tissues of fish from Kesennuma Bay, we attempted to evaluate the effects of these PAHs on the fish aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling pathway. We initially measured PAH concentrations and cytochrome P4501A catalytic activities (EROD: ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and MROD: methoxyresorufin-O-demethylase) as markers of AHR activation in greenlings (Hexagrammos otakii) collected from Kesennuma Bay in 2014.

Targeted metabolome analysis of the dog brain exposed to PCBs suggests inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by hydroxylated PCBs.

Canis lupus familiaris (domestic dog) possess a high capacity to metabolize higher-chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to thyroid hormone (TH)-like hydroxylated PCB metabolites (OH-PCBs). As a result, the brain could be at high risk of toxicity caused by OH-PCBs. To evaluate the effect of OH-PCBs on dog brain, we analyzed OH-PCB levels in the brain and the metabolome of the frontal cortex following exposure to a mixture of PCBs (CB18, 28, 70, 77, 99, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180, 187, and 202).

Effects of benzalkonium chloride on cell viability, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress of human alveolar epithelial cells cultured in a dynamic culture condition.

Recently, the importance of inhalation toxicity assessment increased due to recent humidifier disinfectant-associated deaths in children. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is currently used as a cationic surfactant and germicide in food industry processing lines and as a hand sanitizer. Animal models are mainly used as a method of evaluating the inhalation toxicity of a hazardous substance, but that approach requires considerable amounts of time and cost.

Potentiation of Sodium Metabisulfite Toxicity by Propylene Glycol in Both and Systems.

Many consumer products used in our daily lives result in inhalation exposure to a variety of chemicals, although the toxicities of the active ingredients are not well known; furthermore, simultaneous exposure to chemical mixtures occurs. Sodium metabisulfite (SM) and propylene glycol (PG) are used in a variety of products. Both the cytotoxicity and the sub-acute inhalation toxicity of each chemical and their mixtures were evaluated.

Strain differences in the proteome of dioxin-sensitive and dioxin-resistant mice treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin.

Dioxins cause various toxic effects through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in vertebrates, with dramatic species and strain differences in susceptibility. Although inbred mouse strains C3H/HeJ-lpr/lpr (C3H/lpr) and MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) are known as dioxin-sensitive and dioxin-resistant mice, respectively, the molecular mechanism underlying this difference remains unclear. The difference in the hepatic proteome of the two mouse strains treated with vehicle or 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin (TBDD) was investigated by a proteomic approach of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF).

Organohalogen Compounds in Pet Dog and Cat: Do Pets Biotransform Natural Brominated Products in Food to Harmful Hydroxlated Substances?

There are growing concerns about the increase in hyperthyroidism in pet cats due to exposure to organohalogen contaminants and their hydroxylated metabolites. This study investigated the blood contaminants polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives (OH-PCBs, OH-PBDEs, and MeO-PBDEs), in pet dogs and cats. We also measured the residue levels of these compounds in commercially available pet foods.

In Vitro and in Silico Analyses for Predicting Hepatic Cytochrome P450-Dependent Metabolic Potencies of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Baikal Seal.

The aim of this study was to understand the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent metabolic pathway and potency of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica). In vitro metabolism of 62 PCB congener mixtures was investigated by using liver microsomes of this species. A decreased ratio of over 20% was observed for CB3, CB4, CB8, CB15, CB19, CB22, CB37, CB54, CB77, and CB105, suggesting the preferential metabolism of low-chlorinated PCBs by CYPs.

Toxicological assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls and their metabolites in the liver of Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica).

We have previously reported that high accumulation of dioxins and related compounds induced cytochrome P450 (CYP 1s) isozymes in the liver of wild Baikal seals, implying the enhanced hydroxylation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The present study attempted to elucidate the residue concentrations and patterns of PCBs and hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) in the livers of Baikal seals. The hepatic residue concentrations were used to assess the potential effects of PCBs and OH-PCBs in combination with the analyses of serum thyroid hormones, hepatic mRNA levels, and biochemical markers.

gamma-Syntrophin scaffolding is spatially and functionally distinct from that of the alpha/beta syntrophins.

The syntrophins are a family of scaffolding proteins with multiple protein interaction domains that link signaling proteins to dystrophin family members. Each of the three most characterized syntrophins (alpha, beta1, beta2) contains a PDZ domain that binds a unique set of signaling proteins including kinases, ion and water channels, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The PDZ domains of the gamma-syntrophins do not bind nNOS.