Fecal let-7b and miR-21 directly modulate the intestinal microbiota, driving chronic inflammation.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) etiology is multifactorial. Luminal microRNAs (miRNAs) have been suspected to play a role in the promotion of chronic inflammation, but the extent to which fecal miRNAs are interacting with the intestinal ecosystem in a way that contribute to diseases, including IBD, remains unknown. Here, fecal let-7b and miR-21 were found elevated, associated with inflammation, and correlating with multiple bacteria in IBD patients and IL-10 mice, model of spontaneous colitis.

Phylogenetic relationships and systematics of tapeworms of the family Davaineidae (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea), with emphasis on species in rodents.

The present study aims at clarifying the poorly known phylogenetic relationships and systematics of cestodes of the family Davaineidae Braun, 1900 (Cyclophyllidea), primarily the genus Raillietina Fuhrmann, 1920 and of the subfamily Inermicapsiferinae (Anoplocephalidae) from mammals (mostly rodents, 31 new isolates) and birds (eight new isolates). Phylogenetic analyses are based on sequences of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (28S) and mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene (nad1). The main phylogenetic pattern emerging from the present analysis is the presence of three independent lineages within the main clade of the subfamily Davaineinae, one of which is almost entirely confined to species from rodents and the other two show a mixture of species from birds and mammals.

The Epidemiological Investigation of , , and Arenavirus Infections in Small Mammals in Northwestern Iran.

The control and prevention of rodent-borne diseases are mainly based on our knowledge of ecology and the infectious status of their reservoir hosts. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of , , and arenavirus infections in small mammals and to assess the potential of disease occurrence in East Azerbaijan, northwest of Iran, in 2017 and 2018. Spleen and lung samples were obtained from all trapped small mammals.

A Novel 8-Predictors Signature to Predict Complicated Disease Course in Pediatric-onset Crohn's Disease: A Population-based Study.

Background: The identification of patients at high risk of a disabling disease course would be invaluable in guiding initial therapy in Crohn's disease (CD). Our objective was to evaluate a combination of clinical, serological, and genetic factors to predict complicated disease course in pediatric-onset CD.

Methods: Data for pediatric-onset CD patients, diagnosed before 17 years of age between 1988 and 2004 and followed more than 5 years, were extracted from the population-based EPIMAD registry.

Ustekinumab Use in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A French Multicenter Study From the Pediatric GETAID.

Objectives: Ustekinumab is known to be efficient in adult patients suffering from moderate to severe Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) resistant to anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Here, we described the clinical course of treatment with ustekinumab in French pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients treated with ustekinumab.

Methods: This study includes all pediatric patients treated by ustekinumab injection for IBD (CD and UC), between January 2016 and December 2019.

The Appendix Orchestrates T-Cell Mediated Immunosurveillance in Colitis-Associated Cancer.

Background & Aims: Although appendectomy may reduce colorectal inflammation in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), this surgical procedure has been suggested to be associated with an increased risk of colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Our aim was to explore the mechanism underlying the appendectomy-associated increased risk of CAC.

Methods: Five-week-old male BALB/c mice underwent appendectomy, appendicitis induction, or sham laparotomy.

Role of adherent and invasive in Crohn's disease: lessons from the postoperative recurrence model.

Objective: We used the postoperative recurrence model to better understand the role of adherent and invasive (AIEC) bacteria in Crohn's disease (CD), taking advantage of a well-characterised postoperative cohort.

Design: From a prospective, multicentre cohort of operated patients with CD, AIEC identification was performed within the surgical specimen (M0) (N=181 patients) and the neoterminal ileum (n=119 patients/181) during colonoscopy performed 6 months after surgery (M6). Endoscopic postoperative recurrence was graded using Rutgeerts' index.

Kidney function monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease: The MONITORED consensus.

Background And Aims: Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are exposed to drug-related nephrotoxicity and kidney-related extra-intestinal manifestations (EIMs). Patients should be monitored but guidance is lacking in current international recommendations. The objective of the Kidney Function Monitoring in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (MONITORED) initiative was to achieve an expert consensus about monitoring kidney function in IBD.

A European Survey on Digestive Perianastomotic Ulcerations, a Rare Crohn-like Disorder Occurring in Children and Young Adults.

Objectives: Digestive perianastomotic ulcerations (DPAU) resembling Crohn disease lesions are long-term complications of intestinal resections, occurring in children and young adults. They are known to be uncommon, severe and difficult to treat.

Methods: In the absence of recommendations, we performed a large European survey among the members of the ESPGHAN working group on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in order to collect the experience of expert pediatric gastroenterologists on DPAU.

Bone Health in Pediatric Patients With Crohn Disease.

Objective: The aim of our study was to examine longitudinal changes in bone mineral density (BMD) of children and adolescents with Crohn disease (CD), and risk factors related to low BMD.

Patients And Methods: All patients ages from 2 to 18 years with CD who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at diagnosis and at the end of follow-up between 1999 and 2018 were considered for inclusion in this retrospective study. Factors related to changes in BMD at diagnosis and during follow-up were investigated.

Diversity of parasites in two captive chimpanzee populations in southern Gabon.

Captive chimpanzees living in confined environments like sanctuaries or primatology centers are frequently affected by gastrointestinal parasites. Some of these are likely to be transmitted to humans and may seriously affect public health. However little information is currently available on the gastrointestinal parasites of primates living in such environments.

Crohn's Disease: Is the Cold Chain Hypothesis Still Hot?

Crohn's disease [CD] is an inflammatory bowel disease of unknown aetiology. During recent decades, significant technological advances led to development of -omic datasets allowing a detailed description of the disease. Unfortunately these have not, to date, resolved the question of the aetiology of CD.

[An acidosis not so basic].

We present the case of a four-year-old girl, who was hospitalized in intensive care unit for a coma resulting from metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap. The patient was treated for short bowel syndrome, following necrotising enterocolitis, which occurred 51 days after birth. In our initial evaluation of the patient's metabolic acidosis, we were unable to identify the cause of the increased anion gap.

ERNICA guidelines for the management of rectosigmoid Hirschsprung's disease.

Background: Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a serious congenital bowel disorder with a prevalence of 1/5000. Currently, there is a lack of systematically developed guidelines to assist clinical decision-making regarding diagnostics and management.

Aims: This guideline aims to cover the diagnostics and management of rectosigmoid HSCR up to adulthood.

Dietary Zinc Intake and Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the French NutriNet-Santé Cohort.

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the association between incident Crohn's disease (CD) or incident ulcerative colitis (UC) and dietary zinc intake.

Methods: NutriNet-Santé cohort's participants who completed at least three 24-hour dietary records were included and incident CD or UC cases were identified. Multivariable Poisson models were performed to assess associations between tertiles of zinc intake and CD or UC.

Neurological Adverse Effects Associated With Anti-tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Antibodies in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

Objectives: Neurological adverse effects (NAEs) induced by biotherapies have been reported in the literature mainly in adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatic diseases, or psoriasis. There are scant data in children. Aims of this study are to report and describe noninfective NAE associated with anti-TNFα antibodies in pediatric IBD, and to evaluate their incidence.

Confusing a Pollen Grain with a Parasite Egg: Infection or Traditional Medicine?

Camacho & Reinhard stated in the December 2019 issue of the KJP (57: 621-625) that we confused a pollen grain with an Enterobius egg found in the grave of a female adolescent residing in ancient Tehran 7,000 years ago. We want here to clarify and answer to the outlined points in their article.