type C, D, C/D, and D/C: An update.

is the main causative agent of botulism, a neurological disease encountered in humans as well as animals. Nine types of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been described so far. Amongst these "toxinotypes," the A, the B and E are the most frequently encountered in humans while the C, D, C/D and D/C are mostly affecting domestic and wild birds as well as cattle.

[Role of vaccination in the collective fight against infectious animal diseases].

"Role of vaccination in the collective fight against infectious animal diseases The part of vaccinations in collective fight against contagious animal diseases depends on objectives selected according to their impact on human health as well as on animal health and production, their prevalence and their epidemiological characteristics. In association with sanitary measures (biosecurity), the systematic vaccination, when vaccines are available, is often the first step indispensable to control the diseases and reduce their impact t an acceptable level, in particular if prevalence of infected animals is high. But vaccination is often insufficient to allow infectious agents eradicating.

[Risk of zoonoses by animal bites and scratches].

Risk of zoonoses by animal bites and scratches. The objectives of this study are to identify zoonosis risks related to animal bites and scratches in France. Pet-transmitted zoonoses, as pasteurellosis, cat scratches disease and various specific bacterial infections, are predominant, resulting usually in localized infections or, sometimes, in serious systemic infections (as those caused by Capnocytophaga canimorsus) in immunocompromised patients.

A simple method to estimate the number of doses to include in a bank of vaccines. The case of Lumpy Skin Disease in France.

A simple method to estimate the size of the vaccine bank needed to control an epidemic of an exotic infectious disease in case of introduction into a country is presented. The method was applied to the case of a Lumpy Skin disease (LSD) epidemic in France. The size of the stock of vaccines needed was calculated based on a series of simple equations that use some trigonometric functions and take into account the spread of the disease, the time required to obtain good vaccination coverage and the cattle density in the affected region.

Risk of introduction of Lumpy Skin Disease into France through imports of cattle.

The lumpy skin disease (LSD) virus belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus and causes a disease in cattle with economic impacts. In November 2014, the disease was first reported in Europe (in Cyprus); it was then reported in Greece (in August 2015) and has spread through different Balkan countries since 2016. Although vector transmission is predominant in at-risk areas, long-distance transmission usually occurs through movements of infected cattle.

Risk of introduction of lumpy skin disease in France by the import of vectors in animal trucks.

Background: The lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a dsDNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family and the Capripoxvirus genus. Lumpy skin diseases (LSD) is a highly contagious transboundary disease in cattle producing major economic losses. In 2014, the disease was first reported in the European Union (in Cyprus); it was then reported in 2015 (in Greece) and has spread through different Balkan countries in 2016.

Complete sequence of the floR-carrying multiresistance plasmid pAB5S9 from freshwater Aeromonas bestiarum.

Objectives: A multiresistant Aeromonas bestiarum strain, shown to be persistent and spreading in a freshwater stream, was investigated for the presence, location and organization of antimicrobial resistance genes.

Methods: The plasmid pAB5S9 was transferred by electroporation into Escherichia coli TG1. The resistance phenotype mediated by pAB5S9 was determined.

In vitro antimicrobial activity of orbifloxacin against Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from canine skin and ear infections.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of orbifloxacin against Staphylococcus intermedius strains isolated in France from canine skin and ear infections. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of orbifloxacin against 240 field S. intermedius isolates (69 skin and 171 ear isolates) ranged from 0.

Myxomatosis of the Depilated Angora rabbit. A Preliminary Study.

Abstract- A nodular eruption occurring on the skin of depilated Angora rabbits was studied at 47 rabbit farms in 1988. Virus isolation, electron microscopy, transmission experiments and comparison with experimental infection using recognised strains of myxoma virus confirmed that the disease was myxomatosis. The disease occurred particularly in July and August in rabbits vaccinated in March or April with the heterologous vaccine.