Different protein intake in the first year and its effects on adiposity rebound and obesity throughout childhood: 11 years follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.

Background And Objectives: Infant feeding affects child growth and later obesity risk. We examined whether protein supply in infancy affects the adiposity rebound, body mass index (BMI) and overweight and obesity up to 11 years of age.

Methods: We enrolled healthy term infants from five European countries in a double blind randomized trial, with anticipated 16 examinations within 11 years follow-up.

Agreement between a regional pharmacovigilance centre and an adjudication committee regarding adverse drug reactions on a cohort of hospitalised children.

Background And Purpose: The EREMI project was set up to collect data on adverse drug reactions (ADRs) occurring due to off-label and/or unlicensed drugs prescribed to hospitalised children in France. These events were evaluated by a regional pharmacovigilance centre (RPC) and an adjudication committee (AC). The aim of this study was to assess the agreement between these two different entities on their evaluation of ADRs.

Parental Perception of Body Weight Status of Their 8-year-old Children: Findings from the European CHOP Study.

Background: Maternal perception of child weight status in children with overweight or obesity has received a lot of attention but data on paternal perception of children from presumably healthy cohorts are lacking.

Objective: We aimed to investigate paternal and maternal perception of child weight status at the age of 8 years in a cohort of 591 children from 5 European countries.

Material And Methods: Included were 8-year-old children and their parents participating in the European Childhood Obesity Project (EU CHOP).

Novel loci for childhood body mass index and shared heritability with adult cardiometabolic traits.

The genetic background of childhood body mass index (BMI), and the extent to which the well-known associations of childhood BMI with adult diseases are explained by shared genetic factors, are largely unknown. We performed a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of BMI in 61,111 children aged between 2 and 10 years. Twenty-five independent loci reached genome-wide significance in the combined discovery and replication analyses.

Mendelian randomization analysis does not support causal associations of birth weight with hypertension risk and blood pressure in adulthood.

Epidemiology studies suggested that low birthweight was associated with a higher risk of hypertension in later life. However, little is known about the causality of such associations. In our study, we evaluated the causal association of low birthweight with adulthood hypertension following a standard analytic protocol using the study-level data of 183,433 participants from 60 studies (CHARGE-BIG consortium), as well as that with blood pressure using publicly available summary-level genome-wide association data from EGG consortium of 153,781 participants, ICBP consortium and UK Biobank cohort together of 757,601 participants.

Association of Birth Weight With Type 2 Diabetes and Glycemic Traits: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

Importance: Observational studies have shown associations of birth weight with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and glycemic traits, but it remains unclear whether these associations represent causal associations.

Objective: To test the association of birth weight with T2D and glycemic traits using a mendelian randomization analysis.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This mendelian randomization study used a genetic risk score for birth weight that was constructed with 7 genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms.

An individual participant data meta-analysis on metabolomics profiles for obesity and insulin resistance in European children.

Childhood obesity prevalence is rising in countries worldwide. A variety of etiologic factors contribute to childhood obesity but little is known about underlying biochemical mechanisms. We performed an individual participant meta-analysis including 1,020 pre-pubertal children from three European studies and investigated the associations of 285 metabolites measured by LC/MS-MS with BMI z-score, height, weight, HOMA, and lipoprotein concentrations.

Are All Breast-fed Infants Equal? Clustering Metabolomics Data to Identify Predictive Risk Clusters for Childhood Obesity.

Objectives: Fetal and early life represent a period of developmental plasticity during which metabolic pathways are modified by environmental and nutritional cues. Little is known on the pathways underlying this multifactorial complex. We explored whether 6 months old breast-fed infants could be clustered into metabolically similar groups and that those metabotypes could be used to predict later obesity risk.

End-of-life decisions and practices for very preterm infants in the Wallonia-Brussels Federation of Belgium.

Background: Very preterm birth (24 to < 32 week's gestation) is a major public health issue due to its prevalence, the clinical and ethical questions it raises and the associated costs. It raises two major clinical and ethical dilemma: (i) during the perinatal period, whether or not to actively manage a baby born very prematurely and (ii) during the postnatal period, whether or not to continue a curative treatment plan initiated at birth. The Wallonia-Brussels Federation in Belgium counts 11 neonatal intensive care units.

Effect of Lower Versus Higher Protein Content in Infant Formula Through the First Year on Body Composition from 1 to 6 Years: Follow-Up of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lower protein (LP) versus higher protein (HP) content in infant formula on body composition from 3 months to 6 years.

Methods: In a multicenter, double-blind European trial, healthy infants (N = 1,090) were randomly assigned to different protein content formulas (upper [HP] and lower [LP] limits of the European Union regulations in 2001) during the first year; breastfed infants (N = 588) were recruited for reference values. Weight, height, and triceps and subscapular skinfold (SF) thickness were measured repeatedly (N = 650 at 6 years), and body composition was estimated (Slaughter).

DNA-Methylation and Body Composition in Preschool Children: Epigenome-Wide-Analysis in the European Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP)-Study.

Adiposity and obesity result from the interaction of genetic variation and environmental factors from very early in life, possibly mediated by epigenetic processes. Few Epigenome-Wide-Association-Studies have identified DNA-methylation (DNAm) signatures associated with BMI and body composition in children. Body composition by Bio-Impedance-Analysis and genome-wide DNAm in whole blood were assessed in 374 pre-school children from four European countries.

Influence of Feeding Types during the First Months of Life on Calciuria Levels in Healthy Infants: A Secondary Analysis from a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background/aims: Dietary factors can modify calciuria. We aim to investigate urinary calcium excretion in healthy infants according to their protein.

Methods: Secondary data analysis from a randomized clinical trial where healthy term infants were randomized after birth to a higher (HP) or lower (LP) protein content formula that was consumed until age 1 year.

Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and DNA-Methylation in Children at Age 5.5 Years: Epigenome-Wide-Analysis in the European Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP)-Study.

Mounting evidence links prenatal exposure to maternal tobacco smoking with disruption of DNA methylation (DNAm) profile in the blood of infants. However, data on the postnatal stability of such DNAm signatures in childhood, as assessed by Epigenome Wide Association Studies (EWAS), are scarce. Objectives of this study were to investigate DNAm signatures associated with in utero tobacco smoke exposure beyond the 12th week of gestation in whole blood of children at age 5.

Endocrine and Metabolic Biomarkers Predicting Early Childhood Obesity Risk.

There is growing evidence of long-term effects of early dietary intervention in infancy on later obesity risk. Many studies showed reduced risk of obesity with breastfeeding in infancy, which could be related to the reduced protein intake with human milk compared to infant formula. In a randomized controlled trial (Childhood Obesity Project), we were able to show that infant formula with reduced protein content results in lower BMI both at 2 and 6 years.

Rapid growth and childhood obesity are strongly associated with lysoPC(14:0).

Background: Despite the growing interest in the early-origins-of-later-disease hypothesis, little is known about the metabolic underpinnings linking infant weight gain and childhood obesity.

Objective: To discover biomarkers reflective of weight change in the first 6 months and overweight/obesity at age 6 years via a targeted metabolomics approach.

Design: This analysis comprised 726 infants from a European multicenter randomized trial (Childhood Obesity Programme, CHOP) for whom plasma blood samples at age 6 months and anthropometric data up to the age of 6 years were available.

Lower protein content in infant formula reduces BMI and obesity risk at school age: follow-up of a randomized trial.

Background: Early nutrition is recognized as a target for the effective prevention of childhood obesity. Protein intake was associated with more rapid weight gain during infancy-a known risk factor for later obesity.

Objective: We tested whether the reduction of protein in infant formula reduces body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) and the prevalence of obesity at 6 y of age.

Associations of IGF-1 gene variants and milk protein intake with IGF-I concentrations in infants at age 6 months - results from a randomized clinical trial.

Objective: The interplay of genetic and nutritional regulation of the insulin-like growth factor-I axis in children is unclear. Therefore, potential gene-nutrient effects on serum levels of the IGF-I axis in a formula feeding trial were studied.

Design: European multicenter randomized clinical trial of 1090 term, formula-fed infants assigned to receive cow's milk-based infant and follow-on formulae with lower (LP: 1.

Does insulin-like growth factor-1 mediate protein-induced kidney growth in infants? A secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Animal models have shown that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) may mediate protein-induced kidney growth. Our aim was to analyze the effect of IGF-I on protein-induced kidney growth in healthy infants.

Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a randomized trial that compared growth of infants fed with a higher-protein (HP) (n = 169) vs.

Randomized controlled trials of antibiotics for neonatal infections: a systematic review.

Aims: Antibiotics are a key resource for the management of infectious diseases in neonatology and their evaluation is particularly challenging. We reviewed medical literature to assess the characteristics and quality of randomized controlled trials on antibiotics in neonatal infections.

Methods: We performed a systematic search of PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library from January 1995 to March 2010.

Educational paper: do we need neonatal clinical pharmacologists?

Effective and safe drug administration in young infants should be based on integrated knowledge concerning the evolving physiological characteristics of the infant who will receive the drug and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of a given drug. Consequently, clinical pharmacology in neonates is as dynamic and diverse as the neonates we are entitled to take care of. Even more than median estimates, covariates of variability within the population are of clinical relevance.

The introduction of solid food and growth in the first 2 y of life in formula-fed children: analysis of data from a European cohort study.

Background: Early introduction of solid food has been suspected to induce excessive infant energy intake and weight gain.

Objective: The objective of this study was to test whether introduction of solid foods influences energy intake or growth.

Design: Healthy, formula-fed infants who were recruited in 5 European countries were eligible for study participation.

Milk protein intake, the metabolic-endocrine response, and growth in infancy: data from a randomized clinical trial.

Background: Protein intake in early infancy has been suggested to be an important risk factor for later obesity, but information on potential mechanisms is very limited.

Objective: This study examined the influence of protein intake in infancy on serum amino acids, insulin, and the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) axis and its possible relation to growth in the first 2 y of life.

Design: In a multicenter European study, 1138 healthy, formula-fed infants were randomly assigned to receive cow-milk-based infant and follow-on formulas with lower protein (LP; 1.