Hydronephrosis in a dairy calf: A diagnosis delayed by a clinician's Bayesian brain reasoning.

A 3-week-old female dairy calf was presented because of severe weakness and diarrhea. Physical examination and ultrasound findings lead to a tentative diagnosis of intestinal obstruction, although serum biochemistry suggested a primary renal disorder. Reassessment of ultrasound images allowed diagnosis of hydronephrosis that had been misdiagnosed probably because of the clinician's biased Bayesian reasoning.

Disorder of sex development (XX male, SRY negative) in a French bulldog.

A female French bulldog was presented with an enlarged clitoris. Abdominal surgery revealed a normal uterus and gonads resembling testes. Histologically, the gonads contained seminiferous tubules.

Ovarian vascular hamartoma in a cow.

A 5-year-old Holstein cow was examined for a unilateral enlarged ovary. A clinical diagnosis of ovarian tumor was established before a histological diagnosis of ovarian vascular hamartoma was made. Ovarian vascular hamartoma has not been reported previously in a live animal.