Cardiovascular disease risk factors and their associations with inflammation among US adolescents: NHANES, 2015 to March 2020.

Introduction: The prevalence of obesity and glycemic dysfunction in adolescents has increased over the past several decades but less is known on how these conditions are associated with systemic inflammation in this population. This study determined the associations between cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and inflammation among a nationally representative sample of US. adolescents.

Association of Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes With Urinary Incontinence and Chronic Kidney Disease: Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2020.

Purpose: Diabetes and obesity, components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), are risk factors for urinary incontinence (UI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We interrogated US population-based data to explore independent, sex-specific associations between nondiabetic MetS, with and without obesity, and UI and/or CKD.

Materials And Methods: We analyzed data from 8586 males and 8420 females ≥20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol testing among adults with diabetes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, USA, 2019 vs 2021.

Introduction: Regular blood glucose/A1c, blood pressure (BP), and cholesterol (ABC) testing is important for diabetes management. It is unknown whether pandemic-related disruptions in medical care were negatively associated with ABC testing among US adults with diagnosed diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among adults ≥18 years with diagnosed diabetes who participated in the 2019 or 2021 National Health Interview Survey (n=3355 and n=3127, respectively).

Trends in incidence of youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the USA, 2002-18: results from the population-based SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study.

Background: The incidence of diabetes is increasing in children and young people. We aimed to describe the incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in children and young people aged younger than 20 years over a 17-year period.

Methods: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study identified children and young people aged 0-19 years with a physician diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes at five centres in the USA between 2002 and 2018.

Estimating incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes using prevalence data: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study.

Background: Incidence is one of the most important epidemiologic indices in surveillance. However, determining incidence is complex and requires time-consuming cohort studies or registries with date of diagnosis. Estimating incidence from prevalence using mathematical relationships may facilitate surveillance efforts.

Racial Disparities in Severe Maternal Morbidity in an Integrated Health Care System, Southern California, 2008-2017.

Objective: The study's objectives were to examine rates of severe maternal morbidity (SMM) over a 10-year period and assess racial/ethnic disparities in SMM among insured women in a large, integrated health care system in Southern California.

Methods: We included Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) health plan members who gave birth at ≥20 weeks' gestation in a KPSC-owned hospital during 2008-2017. An SMM case was defined as presence of one or more indicators of an SMM event during a birth hospitalization, identified using maternal electronic health records.

Projections of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Burden in the U.S. Population Aged <20 Years Through 2060: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: To project the prevalence and number of youths with diabetes and trends in racial and ethnic disparities in the U.S. through 2060.

Food insecurity, diet quality, and suboptimal diabetes management among US adults with diabetes.

Introduction: A healthy diet is recommended to support diabetes management, including HbA1c, blood pressure, and cholesterol (ABC) control, but food insecurity is a barrier to consuming a healthy diet. We determined the prevalence of food insecurity and diet quality among US adults with diabetes and the associations with ABC management.

Research Design And Methods: Cross-sectional analyses were conducted among 2075 adults ≥20 years with diagnosed diabetes who participated in the 2013-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.

Using machine learning to examine street green space types at a high spatial resolution: Application in Los Angeles County on socioeconomic disparities in exposure.

Background: Compared to commonly-used green space indicators from downward-facing satellite imagery, street view-based green space may capture different types of green space and represent how environments are perceived and experienced by people on the ground, which is important to elucidate the underlying mechanisms linking green space and health.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate machine learning models that can classify the type of vegetation (i.e.

A longitudinal assessment of diabetes autoantibodies in the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study.

To assess changes in diabetes autoantibodies (DAs) over time in children and young adults with diabetes and determine whether observed changes were associated with demographic characteristics, clinical parameters and diabetes complications. Participants had DAs measured at baseline (10.3 ± 7.

Trends in Glycemia between 2002 and 2016 among Incident Youth Cohorts Early in the Course of Type 1 Diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: Hyperglycemia early in the course of type 1 diabetes (T1D) may increase the risk of cardiometabolic complications later in life. We tested the hypothesis that there were temporal trends in population-level glycemia and insulin pump use near T1D diagnosis among incident youth cohorts diagnosed between 2002 and 2016.

Methods: Weighted and adjusted regression models were applied to data from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study to analyze trends in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), suboptimal glycemia (HbA1c > 9% or not), and insulin pump use among youth with T1D within 30 months of diagnosis.

Household Food Insecurity and Fear of Hypoglycemia in Adolescents and Young Adults With Diabetes and Parents of Youth With Diabetes.

Objective: To evaluate the relation between household food insecurity (HFI) and fear of hypoglycemia among young adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their parents.

Research Design And Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data of 1,676 young adults with youth-onset diabetes (84% type 1, 16% type 2) and 568 adolescents (<18 years old; mean age 15.1 years) with type 1 diabetes from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study.

Household food insecurity is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis but not severe hypoglycemia or glycemic control in youth and young adults with youth-onset type 2 diabetes.

Objective: To examine the association between household food insecurity (HFI), glycemic control, severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among youth and young adults (YYA) with youth-onset type 2 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: This cross-sectional study included 395 YYA with type 2 diabetes from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study (2015-2019). HFI was reported by young adult participants or parents of minor participants via the US Household Food Security Survey Module.

Utility of Diabetes Type-Specific Genetic Risk Scores for the Classification of Diabetes Type Among Multiethnic Youth.

Objective: Genetic risk scores (GRS) aid classification of diabetes type in White European adult populations. We aimed to assess the utility of GRS in the classification of diabetes type among racially/ethnically diverse youth in the U.S.

Prevalence and Predictors of Household Food Insecurity and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Use in Youth and Young Adults With Diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of household food insecurity (HFI) and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation among youth and young adults (YYA) with diabetes overall and by type, and sociodemographic characteristics.

Research Design And Methods: The study included participants with youth-onset type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. HFI was assessed using the 18-item U.

The Impact of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities in Diabetes Management on Clinical Outcomes: A Reinforcement Learning Analysis of Health Inequity Among Youth and Young Adults in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: To estimate difference in population-level glycemic control and the emergence of diabetes complications given a theoretical scenario in which non-White youth and young adults (YYA) with type 1 diabetes (T1D) receive and follow an equivalent distribution of diabetes treatment regimens as non-Hispanic White YYA.

Research Design And Methods: Longitudinal data from YYA diagnosed 2002-2005 in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study were analyzed. Based on self-reported race/ethnicity, YYA were classified as non-White race or Hispanic ethnicity (non-White subgroup) versus non-Hispanic White race (White subgroup).

Examining the joint effects of heatwaves, air pollution, and green space on the risk of preterm birth in California.

Background: Exposure to high air temperature in late pregnancy is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for preterm birth (PTB). However, the combined effects of heatwaves with air pollution and green space are still unexplored. In the context of climate change, investigating the interaction between environmental factors and identifying communities at higher risk is important to better understand the etiological mechanisms and design targeted interventions towards certain women during pregnancy.

Demographic Correlates of Short-Term Mortality Among Youth and Young Adults With Youth-Onset Diabetes Diagnosed From 2002 to 2015: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: To examine short-term mortality and cause of death among youth and young adults (YYAs) with youth-onset diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: We included 19,717 YYAs newly diagnosed with diabetes before 20 years of age from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2015 enrolled in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Of these, 14,721 had type 1; 4,141 type 2; and 551 secondary and 304 other/unknown diabetes type.

Inequalities in Glycemic Control in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes Over Time: Intersectionality Between Socioeconomic Position and Race and Ethnicity.

Background: Racial/ethnic health inequities have been well-documented among youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D), yet little is known about how socioeconomic position (SEP) intersects with the risk marker of race/ethnicity to predict inequities in longitudinal glycemic control.

Purpose: To identify patterns of SEP, race/ethnicity, and clinical characteristics that differentiate hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) trajectories among youth and young adults after T1D diagnosis.

Methods: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth cohort includes youth with diabetes diagnosed from 2002 to 2006 and 2008 who were followed through 2015.

Trends in Prevalence of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents in the US, 2001-2017.

Importance: Changes in the prevalence of youth-onset diabetes have previously been observed.

Objective: To estimate changes in prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in youths in the US from 2001 to 2017.

Design, Setting, And Participants: In this cross-sectional observational study, individuals younger than 20 years with physician-diagnosed diabetes were enumerated from 6 areas in the US (4 geographic areas, 1 health plan, and select American Indian reservations) for 2001, 2009, and 2017.

Disparities in Hemoglobin A Testing During the Transition to Adulthood and Association With Diabetes Outcomes in Youth-Onset Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: To identify correlates of hemoglobin A (HbA) testing frequency and associations with HbA levels and microvascular complications in youth-onset diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study collected data from individuals diagnosed with diabetes before age 20 at 8 years (=1,885 type 1, =230 type 2) and 13 years (=649 type 1, = 84 type 2) diabetes duration. We identified correlates of reporting ≥3 HbA tests/year using logistic regression.

Glycemic control is associated with dyslipidemia over time in youth with type 2 diabetes: The SEARCH for diabetes in youth study.

Background: Dyslipidemia has been documented in youth with type 2 diabetes. There is a paucity of studies examining dyslipidemia over time in youth with type 2 diabetes and associated risk factors.

Objective: To evaluate lipids at baseline and follow-up and associated risk factors in youth with type 2 diabetes.

Monogenic Diabetes in Youth With Presumed Type 2 Diabetes: Results From the Progress in Diabetes Genetics in Youth (ProDiGY) Collaboration.

Objective: Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is frequently misdiagnosed as type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Correct diagnosis may result in a change in clinical treatment and impacts prediction of complications and familial risk. In this study, we aimed to assess the prevalence of MODY in multiethnic youth under age 20 years with a clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.