Does Incorporating Gender Differences into Quantifying a Food Frequency Questionnaire Influence the Association of Total Energy Intake with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality?

This study aims to evaluate whether incorporating gender differences in portion sizes as part of quantifying a food frequency questionnaire influences the association of total energy intake with mortality. The analysis included 156,434 participants (70,142 men and 86,292 women) in the Multiethnic Cohort Study, aged 45-75 years at baseline. A total of 49,728 deaths were identified during an average follow-up of 18.

Association of vegetable, fruit, and grain intakes with colorectal cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Background: It is uncertain whether or not vegetables, fruit, or grains protect against colorectal cancer.

Objective: In a large prospective study, we investigated the association of vegetable, fruit, and grain intakes with colorectal cancer risk.

Design: Between 1993 and 1996, 85 903 men and 105 108 women completed a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire that included approximately 180 foods and beverages in the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Association of Helicobacter pylori infection and diet on the risk of gastric cancer: a case-control study in Hawaii.

Objective: The risk factors most strongly associated with gastric cancer are the gastric bacteria Helicobacter pylori and diet. Utilizing data from a case-control study among residents in Hawaii, we examined the association of diet, presence of H. pylori, and non-cardia gastric cancer risk.

Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study.

Objective: To investigate the association of dietary fiber with colorectal cancer

Methods: A total of 85,903 men and 105,108 women completed a quantitative food frequency questionnaire in 1993-1996. A total of 1,138 men and 972 women were subsequently diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the large bowel. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate multivariate adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for colorectal cancer.

Separate estimates of portion size were not essential for energy and nutrient estimation: results from the Southern Community Cohort food-frequency questionnaire pilot study.

Objective: A food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was developed to assess habitual dietary intake in the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS), a prospective epidemiological study to analyse disparities in cancer and other chronic diseases between African-Americans and Whites.

Design: Frequency and portion size estimates were obtained for each of 104 foods. Daily intakes of 13 food groups, energy and 18 nutrients were computed.

Body mass index and physical activity as risk factors for pancreatic cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Objective: To examine body mass index (BMI) and physical activity as risk factors for pancreatic cancer.

Methods: Eight-year prospective data from 77,255 men and 90,175 women including 237 and 235 pancreatic cancer cases, respectively, in the Hawaii-Los Angeles Multiethnic Cohort Study were analyzed. Participants completed a questionnaire that included questions on body weight, height, and physical activity.

Vegetable intake and pancreatic cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study.

Investigators studying associations between vegetable intake and pancreatic cancer risk have reported inconsistent findings to date. To further explore these associations, the authors analyzed data on 183,522 participants enrolled in the Hawaii-Los Angeles Multiethnic Cohort Study in 1993-1996. Intakes of total vegetables, light green, dark green, yellow-orange, and cruciferous vegetables, tomato products, and legumes were estimated from a quantitative food frequency questionnaire.

Prostate cancer incidence and intake of fruits, vegetables and related micronutrients: the multiethnic cohort study* (United States).

Objective: To describe the relationship between the intake of fruits, vegetables, and related vitamins and antioxidants, and the risk of prostate cancer in male participants in a large multiethnic cohort study.

Methods: Food and nutrient intakes in 1993-1996 were calculated from a detailed food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) designed to account for the food and nutrient intake of the ethnic groups represented in the study (82,486 African-American, Japanese-American, Native-Hawaiian, Latino and White males included here). Follow-up for incident cancers utilized local SEER registries.

Dietary energy density is associated with overweight status among 5 ethnic groups in the multiethnic cohort study.

Differences in BMI among ethnic groups may be partially explained by the consumption of energy-dense foods, which influences energy intake in controlled laboratory studies. However, the role of dietary energy density (ED, kJ/g) in free-living persons is less understood. Our objective was to determine whether ED is related to current BMI and the risk for overweight and obesity and whether these relations are consistent among ethnic groups.

A comparison of two methods of measuring food group intake: grams vs servings.

Different measurements can be used to quantify food group intake, such as servings, cups, or grams. Dietary recommendations are given in terms of servings (recently expressed as cup and ounce measurements), but research on disease risks often uses grams as the intake measure. Because serving sizes vary among foods within a food group, the method of expressing food group intake (grams vs servings) may impact disease risk analyses.

Sun exposure, diet, and melanoma in Hawaii Caucasians.

Much uncertainty remains about the type of sunlight exposure that most increases risk of cutaneous melanoma and the role of diet. The authors conducted a population-based case-control study (1986-1992) of Caucasians living on Oahu, Hawaii; included were 278 cases and age- and sex-matched controls. Plasma samples were measured for retinol, carotenoids, and alpha-tocopherol by high-pressure liquid chromatography.

Meat and fat intake as risk factors for pancreatic cancer: the multiethnic cohort study.

Background: Meat intake has been associated with risk of exocrine pancreatic cancer, but previous findings have been inconsistent. This association has been attributed to both the fat and cholesterol content of meats and to food preparation methods. We analyzed data from the prospective Multiethnic Cohort Study to investigate associations between intake of meat, other animal products, fat, and cholesterol and pancreatic cancer risk.

Dietary patterns using the Food Guide Pyramid groups are associated with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors: the multiethnic cohort study.

Dietary patterns have been used to identify typical combinations of foods that may be associated with disease risks. We defined dietary patterns among 195,298 participants of the Multiethnic Cohort Study in Hawaii and Los Angeles in 1993-1996. Intakes of Food Guide Pyramid groups were calculated from a quantitative FFQ for subjects of 5 ethnic groups (African Americans, Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, Latinos, and whites).

Association of dietary vitamin A, carotenoids, and other antioxidants with the risk of ovarian cancer.

Unlabelled: Antioxidants may protect the ovaries from oxidative damage and reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. Although a few studies have examined the relation of antioxidant intake to the risk of ovarian cancer, the results have been inconclusive. Questions still remain regarding the effects of confounding factors, such as menopause, tobacco smoking, and alcohol drinking, on the association between antioxidants and ovarian cancer development.

Adherence to the food guide pyramid recommendations among African Americans and Latinos: results from the Multiethnic Cohort.

The objective of the study was to determine the degree of adherence to the Food Guide Pyramid recommendations among African Americans, Latinos born in the United States, and Latinos born in Mexico. Subjects were from the Multiethnic Cohort Study in Hawaii and Los Angeles, and completed a self-administered quantitative food frequency questionnaire at baseline in 1993-1996. Dairy recommendations were the least likely of all the food group recommendations to be followed, with 61% to 99% of individuals in the three ethnic groups not consuming the recommended number of servings.

Adherence to the Food Guide Pyramid recommendations among Japanese Americans, Native Hawaiians, and whites: results from the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

The Food Guide Pyramid is designed to help Americans make healthful food choices. Whereas national data have been collected to examine adherence to the pyramid recommendations in whites, African-Americans, and Latinos, there are virtually no data available for Japanese Americans or Native Hawaiians. Here we present data on intakes of the Food Guide Pyramid food groups (as servings per day) as well as of the components of the pyramid tip (discretionary fat, added sugar, and alcohol) in these ethnic groups and examine adherence to each of the food group recommendations.

Case-control study of diet and other risk factors for gastric cancer in Hawaii (United States).

Objective: To investigate the association of diet and other factors with gastric adenocarcinoma of the distal stomach.

Methods: Three hundred cases and 446 population-based controls were interviewed with a quantitative, food frequency questionnaire, which listed over 250 foods. The questionnaire also included information on smoking history, alcohol intake, education, medical history, medication use, and a family history of cancer.

Correlation of dietary intake and colorectal cancer incidence among Mexican-American migrants: the multiethnic cohort study.

Studies of migrants, along with geographic and temporal variations in incidence, indicate that colorectal cancer is especially sensitive to changes in environmental factors, including, most importantly, diet. The goal of this research was to examine the changes in dietary practices that may be consistent with the changing incidence of colorectal cancer in the Los Angeles Mexican-American population. Cancer incidence and dietary intake data were available for over 35,000 Latinos of Mexican national origin currently participating in the prospective Multiethnic Cohort Study, representing the largest sample of Mexican-origin Latinos of any such study in the United States.

Factors associated with dietary supplement use among healthy adults of five ethnicities: the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Participants of the Multiethnic Cohort Study in Hawaii and Los Angeles, California, a representative sample of African-American, Native Hawaiian, Latino, Japanese-American, and White adults, completed a baseline questionnaire in 1993-1996 assessing dietary supplement use during the past year as well as demographic, dietary, and other lifestyle factors. Factors associated with supplement use were examined among those who reported an absence of chronic disease (n = 100,196). Use of any of eight supplements at least once per week during the past year ranged from 44% among Hawaiian men to 75% among Japanese-American and White women.

The Association of Plasma Micronutrients with the Risk of Cervical Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS).

Little is known about factors that favor the development of cervical atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), nor how these factors might affect the pathogenesis of cervical neoplasia. The primary focus of this case-control study among the multiethnic population of Hawaii was to identify biomarkers of diet in the recent past that may influence the risk of ASCUS, after carefully accounting for the presence of HPV DNA. Cases included 185 women with ASCUS and 191 cytologically-normal controls diagnosed between 1992 and 1996 from three clinics in Honolulu, Hawaii.

The Association of Plasma Micronutrients with the Risk of Cervical Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS).

Little is known about factors that favor the development of cervical atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), nor how these factors might affect the pathogenesis of cervical neoplasia. The primary focus of this case-control study among the multiethnic population of Hawaii was to identify biomarkers of diet in the recent past that may influence the risk of ASCUS, after carefully accounting for the presence of HPV DNA. Cases included 185 women with ASCUS and 191 cytologically-normal controls diagnosed between 1992 and 1996 from three clinics in Honolulu, Hawaii.

Well-done red meat, metabolic phenotypes and colorectal cancer in Hawaii.

Heterocyclic amines (HAAs) and polycyclic hydrocarbons are suspected colorectal cancer (CRC) carcinogens that are found in well-done meat. They require metabolic activation by phase I enzymes, such as the smoking-inducible CYP1A isoenzymes. N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) also play a role in the further activation of HAAs.

Comparison of two instruments for quantifying intake of vitamin and mineral supplements: a brief questionnaire versus three 24-hour recalls.

Although methods of collecting food intake data have been studied intensively, there have been fewer investigations into the collection of supplement intake data. Use of eight types of vitamin and mineral supplements was reported between 1994 and 1997 by 2,377 subjects participating in a calibration substudy of the Hawaii-Los Angeles Multiethnic Cohort Study. Subjects gave information on supplement use as part of a dietary questionnaire (administered twice) and during three 24-hour dietary recalls.

Breast cancer in a multiethnic cohort in Hawaii and Los Angeles: risk factor-adjusted incidence in Japanese equals and in Hawaiians exceeds that in whites.

Few data exist on the extent to which the differences in breast cancer risk between "racial-ethnic" groups in the United States (US) are "explained" by differences in their distribution of risk factors. We have determined this for African-American (AA), native Hawaiian (NH), Japanese-American (JA), Latina-US-born (L-US), Latina-non-US-born (L-NUS), and white (W) women using prospective incidence data on 88,712 postmenopausal women recruited in 1993-1996. We identified 1,757 incident breast cancer cases through 1999 among these women (1,116 cases after excluding women with a simple hysterectomy or missing risk factor data).