Purpose: The purpose of this chapter is to review hormonal therapy in cryptorchidism in boys to improve fertility.
Methods: Multiple searches, primarily in PubMed, were performed using various combinations of the terms: cryptorchidism, undescended testis (UDT), hormonal therapy, fertility, infertility, germ cell numbers, spermatogonia and semen analyses. In additions the pertinent articles from the reference lists in these papers were also obtained and reviewed.
Objectives: To review the evidence relating to the outcome of pregnancy in women with vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR) or a previous history of VUR and to identify the factors contributing to morbidity in pregnancy, with particular emphasis on the role of renal scarring.
Methods: Searches were carried out in Medline, Pubmed and MD Consult using various combinations of the keywords including: vesicoureteral reflux and pregnancy, maternal vesicoureteral reflux, vesicoureteral reflux in adulthood, reflux nephropathy and pregnancy. All data quoted in this review are from original articles.
Purpose: Publications on screening the siblings of patients with reflux were reviewed to determine the overall incidence and severity of reflux and renal scarring in siblings, and identify factors that predict siblings more likely to have reflux.
Materials And Methods: A MEDLINE search for 1985 to the present was performed. Of 34 articles on familial reflux only 11, including 1 abstract, on sibling screening were used in this analysis.