Evaluation of exposure scenarios on intentional microbiological contamination in a drinking water distribution network.

Drinking water distribution networks are vulnerable to accidental or intentional contamination events. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of seeding duration and concentration, exposure pathway (ingestion via drinking of water and tooth brushing and inhalation by taking a shower) and pathogen infectivity on exposure and infection risk in the case of an intentional pathogenic contamination in a drinking water distribution network. Seeding of a pathogen for 10 min and 120 min, and subsequent spreading through a drinking water distribution network were simulated.

A combined neuropsychological and brain imaging study of obstructive sleep apnea.

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) show neuropsychological impairments ranging from vigilance decrements, attentional lapses and memory gaps to decreased motor coordination, but their cognitive profile, and the origin of the impairments, remain unclear. We sought to establish the neuropsychological profile of 16 newly diagnosed apneics and to highlight both their morphological and functional brain abnormalities. We used an extensive neuropsychological test battery to investigate attention and vigilance, executive functions, episodic memory and motor domains.

Spatial and temporal memories are affected by sleep fragmentation in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

This study evaluated episodic memory, with an emphasis on the recollection of spatial and temporal contexts, in 28 patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and 29 healthy controls. Recollection was assessed by means of the R/K paradigm and the process-dissociation procedure. Attentional abilities were also evaluated.

Slow wave sleep and recollection in recognition memory.

Recognition memory performance reflects two distinct memory processes: a conscious process of recollection, which allows remembering specific details of a previous event, and familiarity, which emerges in the absence of any conscious information about the context in which the event occurred. Slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are differentially involved in the consolidation of different types of memory. The study assessed the effects of SWS and REM sleep on recollection, by means of the "remember"/"know" paradigm.

Effects of partial sleep deprivation on within-format and cross-format priming.

Study Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sleep on long-term priming. We report the results of a preliminary experiment that enabled us to verify that priming can last for 4 hours, and we also report the results of a study of partial sleep-deprivation.

Design: Subjects performed 2 tasks: within-format and cross-format priming.

The relationships between memory systems and sleep stages.

Sleep function remains elusive despite our rapidly increasing comprehension of the processes generating and maintaining the different sleep stages. Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that sleep is involved in the off-line reprocessing of recently-acquired memories. In this review, we summarize the main results obtained in the field of sleep and memory consolidation in both animals and humans, and try to connect sleep stages with the different memory systems.

Sleep strategies of 12-hour shift nurses with emphasis on night sleep episodes.

Objectives: Episodes of sleep during a nightshift are frequently reported in various types of jobs. This phenomenon has been seldom documented so far. This field study investigated individual differences in the sleep-wake behavior of nurses.

Consolidation of strictly episodic memories mainly requires rapid eye movement sleep.

Study Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of sleep deprivation during the first or second half of the night on episodic memory consolidation. Episodic memory is defined as memory for events located in time and space. It is also characterized by autonoetic consciousness, which gives a subject the conscious sensation of traveling back in time to relive the original event and forward into the future.