Enhanced Sorption Performance of Natural Zeolites Modified with pH-Fractionated Humic Acids for the Removal of Methylene Blue from Water.

This work explores the effect of humic acids (HA) fractionation on the sorption ability of a natural zeolite (NYT)-HA adduct. HA were extracted from compost, fractionated via the pH fractionation method, and characterized via UV-Vis spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The HA samples were immobilized onto NYT via thermal treatment.

Mycophenolate Mofetil Dose Adjustment in Pediatric Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Background: The Immunosuppressant Bayesian Dose Adjustment web site aids clinicians and pharmacologists involved in the care of transplant recipients; it proposes dose adjustments based on the estimated area under the concentration-time curve (AUCs). Three concentrations (T 20 min , T 1 h , and T 3 h ) are sufficient to estimate mycophenolic acid (MPA) AUC 0-12 h in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. This study investigates mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) doses and MPA AUC values in pediatric kidney transplant recipients, and target exposure attainment when the proposed doses were followed, through a large-scale analysis of the data set collated since the inception of the Immunosuppressant Bayesian Dose Adjustment web site.

Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Evolution of a Sleeping Beauty: The Freundlich Isotherm.

The name of Herbert Freundlich is commonly associated with a power relationship for adsorbed amount of a substance () against the concentration in solution (), such that = ; this isotherm (together with the Langmuir isotherm) is considered to be the model of choice for correlating the experimental adsorption data of micropollutants or contaminants of emerging concern (pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products), but it also concerns the adsorption of gases on solids. However, Freundlich's 1907 paper was a "sleeping beauty", which only started to attract significant citations from the early 2000s onward; moreover, these citations were too often wrong. In this paper, the main steps in the historical developments of Freundlich isotherm are identified, along with a discussion of several theoretical points: (1) derivation of the Freundlich isotherm from an exponential distribution of energies, leading to a more general equation, based on the Gauss hypergeometric function, of which the power Freundlich equation is an approximation; (2) application of this hypergeometric isotherm to the case of competitive adsorption, when the binding energies are perfectly correlated; and (3) new equations for estimating the Freundlich coefficient from physicochemical properties such as the sticking surface or probability.

Machine learning algorithms to estimate everolimus exposure trained on simulated and patient pharmacokinetic profiles.

Everolimus is an immunosuppressant with a small therapeutic index and large between-patient variability. The area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) is the best marker of exposure but measuring it requires collecting many blood samples. The objective of this study was to train machine learning (ML) algorithms using pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles from kidney transplant recipients, simulated profiles, or both types, and compare their performance for everolimus AUC estimation using a limited number of predictors, as compared to an independent set of full PK profiles from patients, as well as to the corresponding maximum a posteriori Bayesian estimates (MAP-BE).

Mycophenolic Acid Exposure Prediction Using Machine Learning.

Therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid (MPA) based on area under the curve (AUC) is well-established and machine learning (ML) approaches could help to estimate AUC. The aim of this work is to estimate the AUC of MPA in organ transplant patients using extreme gradient boosting (Xgboost R package) ML models. A total of 12,877 MPA AUC from 0 to 12 hours (AUC ) requests from 6,884 patients sent to our Immunosuppressant Bayesian Dose Adjustment expert system (https://abis.

Tacrolimus Exposure Prediction Using Machine Learning.

The aim of this work is to estimate the area-under the blood concentration curve of tacrolimus (TAC) following b.i.d.

Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Bayesian Estimators for the Individual Dose Adjustment of a Generic Formulation of Tacrolimus in Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Background: Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic range and requires dose adjustment, usually based on the trough blood concentration but preferably on the area under the concentration-time curve over 12 h post-dose (AUC). The single-arm, multicentre, clinical study IMPAKT aimed: (i) to develop, in de novo kidney transplant recipients, pharmacokinetic models and maximum a-posteriori Bayesian estimators for a generic, immediate-release, oral formulation of tacrolimus to estimate tacrolimus AUC at different post-transplant periods using a limited sampling strategy, and considering the CYP3A5*3 polymorphism as a covariate and (ii) to compare the performance of these Bayesian estimators to those previously developed for the original formulation.

Methods: Thirty patients were enrolled and 29 provided nine blood samples over 9 h at day 7 and months 1 and 3 post-transplant.

Tacrolimus Bayesian Dose Adjustment in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients.

Background: Immunosuppressant Bayesian Dose Adjustment (ISBA) is an online expert system that estimates the area under the curve (AUC) of immunosuppressive drugs through pharmacokinetic modelling and Bayesian estimation to propose dose adjustments to reach predefined exposure targets. The ISBA database was retrospectively analyzed to describe tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and exposure, evaluate the efficiency of ISBA dose recommendations, and propose tacrolimus AUC0-12h target ranges for pediatric renal allograft recipients treated with immediate release tacrolimus.

Methods: The database included 1935 tacrolimus dose adjustment requests from 419 patients <19 years old who were treated with immediate-release tacrolimus and followed in 21 French hospitals.

Fasting Status and Circadian Variation Must be Considered When Performing AUC-based Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus in Renal Transplant Recipients.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is mandatory for the immunosuppressive drug tacrolimus (Tac). For clinical applicability, TDM is performed using morning trough concentrations. With recent developments making tacrolimus concentration determination possible in capillary microsamples and Bayesian estimator predicted area under the concentration curve (AUC), AUC-guided TDM may now be clinically applicable.

Pharmacogenetic-Whole blood and intracellular pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic (PG-PK2-PD) relationship of tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients.

Tacrolimus (TAC) is the cornerstone of immunosuppressive therapy in liver transplantation. This study aimed at elucidating the interplay between pharmacogenetic determinants of TAC whole blood and intracellular exposures as well as the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of TAC in both compartments. Complete pharmacokinetic profiles (Predose, and 20 min, 40 min, 1h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 12h post drug intake) of twice daily TAC in whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected in 32 liver transplanted patients in the first ten days post transplantation.

A Limited Sampling Strategy to Estimate Exposure of Everolimus in Whole Blood and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Renal Transplant Recipients Using Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Bayesian Estimators.

Background And Objective: Intracellular exposure of everolimus may be a better marker of therapeutic effect than trough whole blood concentrations. We aimed to develop pharmacokinetic population models and Bayesian estimators based on a limited sampling strategy for estimation of dose interval exposures of everolimus in whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in renal transplant recipients.

Methods: Full whole blood and PBMC concentration-time profiles of everolimus were obtained from 12 stable renal transplant recipients on two different occasions, 4 weeks apart.

Pharmacokinetic models to assist the prescriber in choosing the best tacrolimus dose.

Due to a high inter-individual variability in its pharmacokinetics, tacrolimus dose individualization is mandatory. Even though the expert opinion has defined the area under the curve (AUC) as the best marker to use when performing dose adjustment of tacrolimus, most centres only use trough levels. Multiple targets have been proposed for this parameter and physicians rely largely on their personal experience when making a decision about dose adjustment.

Population Pharmacokinetics and Bayesian Estimators for Refined Dose Adjustment of a New Tacrolimus Formulation in Kidney and Liver Transplant Patients.

Background And Objectives: A new once-daily formulation of tacrolimus (Envarsus) has recently been developed, with alleged different pharmacokinetics from previous tacrolimus formulations. The objectives of this study were to develop population pharmacokinetic models and Bayesian estimators based on limited sampling strategies for Envarsus in kidney and liver transplant recipients.

Materials And Methods: Full tacrolimus concentration-time profiles (13 samples) were drawn from 57 liver (113 profiles) and 49 kidney (97 profiles) graft recipients transplanted for at least 6 months and switched from Prograf to Envarsus.

Modeling of Tacrolimus Exposure in Kidney Transplant According to Posttransplant Time Based on Routine Trough Concentration Data.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop a pharmacokinetics model allowing the description of the evolution of tacrolimus exposure in kidney transplant patients over the first months after transplant, using trough concentrations of routinely collected blood.

Materials And Methods: The authors performed a retrospective analysis of trough concentration data collected from adult kidney transplant recipients (from 2008 to 2013). The total data set was divided into a building data set, used to build the structural model, and a validation data set, used to validate the structural model.

Temperature dependence of binding and catalysis for human serum arylesterase/paraoxonase.

The influence of temperature upon the hydrolysis of phenyl acetate, catalysed by purified human serum arylesterase/paraoxonase (E. C. 3.

Large scale analysis of routine dose adjustments of mycophenolate mofetil based on global exposure in renal transplant patients.

Background: We report a feasibility study based on our large-scale experience with mycophenolate mofetil dose adjustment based on mycophenolic acid interdose area under the curve (AUC) in renal transplant patients.

Methods: Between 2005 and 2010, 13,930 requests for 7090 different patients (outside any clinical trial) were posted by more than 30 different transplantation centers on a free, secure web site for mycophenolate mofetil dose recommendations using three plasma concentrations and Bayesian estimation.

Results: This retrospective study showed that 1) according to a consensually recommended 30- to 60-mg·h/L target, dose adjustment was needed for approximately 35% of the patients, 25% being underexposed with the highest proportion observed in the first weeks after transplantation; 2) when dose adjustment had been previously proposed, the subsequent AUC was significantly more often in the recommended range if the dose was applied than not at all posttransplantation periods (72-80% vs.

Development and evaluation of a simulation procedure to take into account various assays for the Bayesian dose adjustment of tacrolimus.

Background And Objectives: Several analytical techniques with different performances are available for the measurement of tacrolimus blood concentrations. The performance of Bayesian estimators (MAP-BEs) allowing dose adjustments of tacrolimus is dependent on the precision of the analytical technique. Hence, any Bayesian estimator should only be used for concentration data obtained with the same assay employed for its development.

Pharmacokinetic modeling and development of Bayesian estimators in kidney transplant patients receiving the tacrolimus once-daily formulation.

Background: The once-daily formulation of tacrolimus has been reported to exhibit the same efficacy and safety profile as compared with the immediate-release form administered twice daily. However, as a result of differences in their pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, the PK models or Bayesian estimators (MAP-BE) previously developed for the immediate-release formulation cannot be used for the new once-daily formulation. Using the PK information obtained from a Phase II trial, the aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of developing a PK model and a MAP-BE able to estimate, on the basis of a routinely applicable limited sampling strategy, tacrolimus individual PK parameters and AUC0-24h in de novo renal transplant patients given the once-daily formulation.

Pharmacokinetic modelling and development of Bayesian estimators for therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolate mofetil in reduced-intensity haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Background: Mycophenolate mofetil, a prodrug of mycophenolic acid (MPA), is used during non-myeloablative and reduced-intensity conditioning haematopoetic stem cell transplantation (HCT) to improve engraftment and reduce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, information about MPA pharmacokinetics is sparse in this context and its use is still empirical.

Objectives: To perform a pilot pharmacokinetic study and to develop maximum a posteriori Bayesian estimators (MAP-BEs) for the estimation of MPA exposure in HCT.