Diagnosis of Synovial Chondromatosis of Temporomandibular Joint: Case Report and Literature Review.

Synovial chondromatosis is a non-cancerous tumor characterized by the formation of multiple nodules of cartilage due to metaplastic development of the synovial membrane. Etiology can be a primary lesion, of which pathogenesis remains unknown, or low-grade trauma or internal disorders. This pathology can long remain undiagnosed and leads to therapeutic wandering, especially since clinical manifestations are non-specific.

Optimal duration of ultra low frequency-transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (ULF-TENS) therapy for muscular relaxation in neuromuscular occlusion: A preliminary clinical study.

Objectives: The primary aim of this work was to determine the duration of ultra-low-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (ULF-TENS) application necessary to achieve sufficient relaxation of the masticatory muscles. A secondary aim was to analyze the influence of stimulation on muscle relaxation in pathological subjects and determine whether ULF-TENS has a noteworthy impact on muscle relaxation.

Methods: Sixteen adult subjects with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and muscle pain and a group of four control subjects were included in this study.