A Newly Identified Frontal Path from Fornix in Septum Pellucidum with 7.0T MRI Track Density Imaging (TDI) - The Septum Pellucidum Tract (SPT).

The high anatomical contrast achieved with the newly emerging MRI tractographic technique of super-resolution track density imaging (TDI) encouraged us to search for a new fiber tract in the septum pellucidum. Although this septum pellucidum tract (SPT) has been observed previously, its connections were unclear due to ambiguity and limited resolution of conventional MRI images. It is now possible to identify detailed parts of SPT with the increased resolution of TDI, which involves diffusion MRI imaging, whole-brain tractography, and voxel subdivision using the track-count information.

Tongue Growth during Prenatal Development in Korean Fetuses and Embryos.

Background: Prenatal tongue development may affect oral-craniofacial structures, but this muscular organ has rarely been investigated.

Methods: In order to document the physiology of prenatal tongue growth, we histologically examined the facial and cranial base structures of 56 embryos and 106 fetuses.

Results: In Streeter's stages 13-14 (fertilization age [FA], 28 to 32 days), the tongue protruded into the stomodeal cavity from the retrohyoid space to the cartilaginous mesenchyme of the primitive cranial base, and in Streeter's stage 15 (FA, 33 to 36 days), the tongue rapidly swelled and compressed the cranial base to initiate spheno-occipital synchondrosis and continued to swell laterally to occupy most of the stomodeal cavity in Streeter's stage 16-17 (FA, 37 to 43 days).

Neural substrates of Hanja (Logogram) and Hangul (Phonogram) character readings by functional magnetic resonance imaging.

The two basic scripts of the Korean writing system, Hanja (the logography of the traditional Korean character) and Hangul (the more newer Korean alphabet), have been used together since the 14th century. While Hanja character has its own morphemic base, Hangul being purely phonemic without morphemic base. These two, therefore, have substantially different outcomes as a language as well as different neural responses.

Individually differentiated serotonergic raphe nuclei measured with brain PET/MR imaging.

Purpose: To measure the activity of individual raphe nuclei with fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and carbon 11 ((11)C) 3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethylphenylthio) benzonitrile (DASB) imaging using a brain positron emission tomography(PET)/magnetic resonance (MR) imaging fusion system.

Materials And Methods: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Gil Medical Center, and all volunteers provided written informed consent. FDG PET, (11)C-DASB PET, and T2*-weighted MR images from seven healthy volunteers were acquired by using a PET/MR imaging fusion system.

An anatomic review of thalamolimbic fiber tractography: ultra-high resolution direct visualization of thalamolimbic fibers anterior thalamic radiation, superolateral and inferomedial medial forebrain bundles, and newly identified septum pellucidum tract.

Background: Images obtained through ultra-high-field 7.0-tesla magnetic resonance imaging with track-density imaging provide clear, high-resolution tractograms that have been hitherto unavailable, especially in deep brain areas such as the limbic and thalamic regions. This study is a largely pictorial description of the deep fiber tracts in the brain using track-density images obtained with 7.

Anterior commissure--posterior commissure revisited.

Objective: The anterior commissure (AC) and posterior commissure (PC) are the two distinct anatomic structures in the brain which are difficult to observe in detail with conventional MRI, such as a 1.5T MRI system. However, recent advances in ultra-high resolution MRI have enabled us to examine the AC and PC directly.

Super-resolution track-density imaging of thalamic substructures: comparison with high-resolution anatomical magnetic resonance imaging at 7.0T.

The thalamus is one of the most important brain structures, with strong connections between subcortical and cortical areas of the brain. Most of the incoming information to the cortex passes through the thalamus. Accurate identification of substructures of the thalamus is therefore of great importance for the understanding of human brain connectivity.

Seven-Tesla magnetic resonance images of the substantia nigra in Parkinson disease.

Objective: To investigate anatomical changes in the substantia nigra (SN) of Parkinson disease (PD) patients with age-matched controls by using ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods: We performed 7T MRI in 10 PD and 10 age-matched control subjects. Magnetic resonance images of the SN were obtained from a 3-dimensional (3D) T(2)*-weighted gradient echo sequence.

Glucose metabolism of the midline nuclei raphe in the brainstem observed by PET-MRI fusion imaging.

Unlabelled: The brainstem contains various important monoaminergic neuronal centers, including the raphe nuclei which contain serotonergic neurons. The raphe nuclei, however, are not easily identifiable and located by conventional neuroimaging.

Methods: Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed in seven healthy subjects using a new PET-MRI, which consists of a high-resolution research tomograph (HRRT) PET and 7.

Direct visualization of Parkinson's disease by in vivo human brain imaging using 7.0T magnetic resonance imaging.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting from progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta. Therefore, imaging of the SN has been regarded to hold greatest potential for use in the diagnosis of PD. At the 7.

Observation of glucose metabolism in the thalamic nuclei by fusion PET/MRI.

Unlabelled: The anatomy of the thalamus and its connectivity with surrounding areas are known. Localized metabolic activities at the thalamic substructural level have not been measured in vivo in human brains because of limited resolution and contrast.

Methods: The energy metabolism and fine anatomic structures of the thalamus were measured simultaneously in 5 healthy subjects using a PET/MRI fusion imaging system.

Segmentation of cerebral gyri in the sectioned images by referring to volume model.

Authors had prepared the high-quality sectioned images of a cadaver head. For the delineation of each cerebral gyrus, three-dimensional model of the same brain was required. The purpose of this study was to develop the segmentation protocol of cerebral gyri by referring to the three-dimensional model on the personal computer.

Substructural hippocampal glucose metabolism observed on PET/MRI.

Unlabelled: The hippocampus is one of the best-known neural structures in the brain and has been of interest in observing the substructures and their metabolic functions. However, it has been difficult to distinguish its substructures and functions in vivo because of its small size.

Methods: (18)F-FDG PET and high-resolution MRI of the hippocampus were performed on 5 healthy subjects using a PET/MRI system.

A case of pigmentary orthochromatic leukodystrophy with findings of proton MR spectroscopy and serial brain MRIs.

Despite a few case reports over the last 60 years, little progress has been made in defining the phenotype, genotype and pathophysiological mechanisms involved in pigmentary orthochromatic leukodystrophy (POLD). Furthermore, there is currently no data available regarding MRI in patients in the relatively early stages of POLD. Here, we present a 37 year old male patient with brain biopsy-proven POLD who had brain MRIs three times during the first year of his clinical course and proton MR spectroscopy (MRS) throughout his diagnostic evaluation.

Direct visualization of deep brain stimulation targets in Parkinson disease with the use of 7-tesla magnetic resonance imaging.

Object: A challenge associated with deep brain stimulation (DBS) in treating advanced Parkinson disease (PD) is the direct visualization of brain nuclei, which often involves indirect approximations of stereotactic targets. In the present study, the authors compared T2*-weighted images obtained using 7-T MR imaging with those obtained using 1.5- and 3-T MR imaging to ascertain whether 7-T imaging enables better visualization of targets for DBS in PD.

The frequency, clinical significance, and pathological features of chronic chorioamnionitis: a lesion associated with spontaneous preterm birth.

Acute chorioamnionitis is a well-established lesion of the placenta in cases with intra-amniotic infection. In contrast, the clinicopathological significance of chronic chorioamnionitis is unclear. This study was conducted to determine the frequency and severity of chronic chorioamnionitis in normal pregnancy and in various pregnancy complications.

A proposal of new reference system for the standard axial, sagittal, coronal planes of brain based on the serially-sectioned images.

Sectional anatomy of human brain is useful to examine the diseased brain as well as normal brain. However, intracerebral reference points for the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes of brain have not been standardized in anatomical sections or radiological images. We made 2,343 serially-sectioned images of a cadaver head with 0.

Quantitative analysis of the hippocampus using images obtained from 7.0 T MRI.

In-vivo volumetric measurements of hippocampus have proven to be highly informative for studying various neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The usefulness of volumetric imaging, however, has been limited due to the poor image resolutions obtained by currently available MRI images. In this study, a new result of volumetric image measurement of the hippocampus using 7.

Abnormal maxillary trapezoid pattern in human fetal cleft lip and palate.

Objective: To elucidate abnormal growth patterns of human fetal maxillae with cleft lip and palate (CLP).

Subject: A total of 71 fetal maxillae with CLP were obtained from aborted human fetuses.

Method: Dimensions of the maxillary trapezoid (MT), formed by the maxillary primary growth centers (MxPGC), were taken from radiographic images.

Radiological trace of mandibular primary growth center in postnatal human mandibles.

The mandibular primary growth center (MdPGC) of human fetus was conspicuously defined in the soft X-ray view of fetal mandibles. As the peripheral adaptive growth of mandible advances during the postnatal period, the MdPGC image became overshadowed by condensed cortical bones in soft X-ray view. In this study, we traced a sclerotic sequela of MdPGC during the postnatal period.

Paediatric brain-stem gliomas: MRI, FDG-PET and histological grading correlation.

Background: MRI and FDG-PET may predict the histological grading of paediatric brain-stem gliomas.

Objective: To assess MRI findings and metabolic imaging using FDG-PET of brain-stem gliomas based on histological grading.

Materials And Methods: Included in the study were 20 paediatric patients (age 3-14 years, mean 8.

Antisense inhibition of transglutaminase 2 affects development of mouse embryo submandibular gland in organ culture.

Tissue transglutaminase (TGase 2) has been implicated in numerous cellular functions, i.e., apoptosis, differentiation, extracellular matrix protein cross-linking and organogenesis.

HUlip, a human homologue of unc-33-like phosphoprotein of Caenorhabditis elegans; Immunohistochemical localization in the developing human brain and patterns of expression in nervous system tumors.

HUlip is a human homologue of a C. elegans gene, unc-33, that is developmentally regulated during maturation of the nervous system. HUlip is highly expressed only in the fetal brain and spinal cord, and is undetected in the adult brain.

Diagnostic challenge of fetal ontogeny and its application on the ovarian teratomas.

Although neuroepithelial tubules (NET) often are a component of immature teratoma (IT), they are not always required for diagnosis. Other somatic elements are sufficient and often verified with immunohistochemical stain. This study was designed to determine the definition of immaturity versus fetal ontogeny, using several molecular markers in IT.