Initial presentation of hepatocellular carcinoma as pharyngeal mass mimicking advanced hypopharyngeal carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant tumor with frequent intrahepatic and extrahepatic metastases. Extrahepatic metastasis occurs in one-third of patients with HCC and indicates a dismal prognosis. The head and neck region is an extremely uncommon site of metastatic HCC.

Ewing's sarcoma in adolescents and adults - 10-year experience from a tertiary cancer center in India.

Background: Ewing's sarcoma (EWS) is an aggressive small round cell tumor, affecting bone and soft tissues and is mostly seen in childhood and second decade of life. EWS accounts for 10-12% of bone tumors in more than 15 years age group and is even rarer after 40 years of age.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective analysis was conducted among patients aged more than 15 years with histologically proven EWS.

The Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathology - Assessment of utility and the risk of malignancy.

Background: Cytological diagnosis of salivary gland lesions furnishes several challenges to pathologists and clinicians owing to their diverse morphology and varying reporting terminology. The Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathology was proposed to overcome these defects. The aim of this study was to grade histopathologically diagnosed cases of salivary gland pathology using Milan system and to correlate Milan system with histopathological diagnosis.

Identification of salivary metabolic biomarker signatures for oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective: To identify the salivary metabolites associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue to develop easy and non-invasive potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis.

Design: Initially, the study utilized untargeted metabolomics to analyze 20 samples of tongue squamous cell carcinoma and 10 control samples. The objective was to determine the salivary metabolites that exhibited differential expression in tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

Spatiotemporal pattern of thyroid cancer incidence in South Kerala: A population-based study.

Background: Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine cancer and has been increasing over the past decades worldwide. A notable finding is that Kerala's capital Thiruvananthapuram ranks the first among men and the second highest among women in the incidence of TC in India. Reasons for this increase have not been established.

Immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 and MDR1 in breast tumors: association with clinico-pathological parameters and treatment outcome.

Antitumor immune evasion is a hallmark for the development and progression of cancer. Tumor cells adopt various mechanisms to escape the host immune system recognition. One such mechanism is the over expression of programmed death ligand (PD-L1), a negative T cell regulatory molecule.

The gray zone squamous lesions: ASC-US / ASC-H.

The unequivocal and easily recognizable entities of LSIL and HSIL pose no diagnostic problems for a trained eye. However, when the defining morphologic features are either qualitatively or quantitatively insufficient, it is then that the borderline category of "Atypical Squamous cells" (ASC) may have to be used. Scant and suboptimal preparations (mainly in conventional smears) are the common causes that hinder confident decision-making.

Limited utility of intraoperative frozen sections in primary malignant tumours involving long bones - A multicenter analysis of 475 cases.

Background: In the surgical removal of primary malignant tumours involving long bones, intraoperative frozen sections are used to ascertain the adequacy of tumour clearance. However, with the improved imaging modalities that provide better foreknowledge of the tumour extent, it is possible that the arduous task of performing frozen sections can be safely avoided. This would not only save procedural time but also reduce hospital costs.

MiRNA expression profiling and emergence of new prognostic signature for oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most common type of head and neck cancers, is associated with high recurrence, metastasis, low long-term survival rates and poor treatment outcome. As deregulated miRNA expression plays a crucial role in malignant transformation and cancer progression, the present study is aimed at profiling the miRNA expression pattern in OSCC and developing a new miRNA prognostic signature for oral cancer. MiRNA expression profiling was performed using MiRNA microarray in 30 tumor and 18 normal samples.

Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma-A Retrospective study.

Introduction: Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is a rare high grade malignant neoplasm that accounts for 3-10% of all chondrosarcomas. Histopathologically, it shows biphasic population composed of small round to ovoid with occasional spindle cells and islands of well differentiated cartilage. The study aimed at retrospectively analysing the clinical, pathological, radiological features of these cases in our institution.

Grossing and reporting of a soft tissue tumor specimen in surgical pathology: Rationale, current evidence, and recommendations.

Soft tissue tumors, including sarcomas are complex and diagnostically challenging tumors. This is as a result of their heterogeneity and overlapping clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and also molecular features, the latter to some extent. More than 80 types of sarcoma have been described.

Pediatric Primary Ovarian Angiosarcoma: From Rarity to a Realization.

Background: Angiosarcoma is an uncommon high-grade sarcoma in children. Visceral angiosarcoma involving the ovary is extremely rare. Because of the lack of recurrent cytogenetic alterations, histopathological identification of this uncommon tumor in unusual sites like the ovary demands pathologic expertise.

Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma with pulmonary metastasis.

Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma (OGCC) is an exceptionally rare malignant odontogenic epithelial tumor. It is characterized by ameloblastic-like islands of epithelial cells with aberrant keratinization in the form of ghost cells with varying amounts of dysplastic dentin. Malignant histological characteristics include infiltration, cellular pleomorphism, numerous mitosis and necrosis.

Meningioma presenting as temporal region swelling: Diagnosis by cytopathology and immunohistochemical confirmation on cell block preparation.

Meningiomas are common intracranial neoplasms. Meningomas are rarely subjected to fine-needle aspiration (FNA) studies. However, intraoperative squash preparations are commonly done.

Comparative analysis of cell morphology in sputum samples homogenized with dithiothreitol, N-acetyl-L cysteine, Cytorich(®) red preservative and in cellblock preparations to enhance the sensitivity of sputum cytology for the diagnosis of lung cancer.

Background: Lung cancer claims highest rate of cancer related mortality worldwide, mainly due to late diagnosis and distant metastasis. Sputum cytology is the simplest, non-invasive and cost effective technique but it has low sensitivity due to lack of robust processing methods to retrieve all the diagnostic materials clogged in mucus, inflammatory exudates and blood.

Methods: This study have compared conventional pick and smear method of sputum processing with samples prepared by homogenization methods using N-acetyl-l-cysteine, Dithiothreitol (DTT), CytoRich red solution and cell blocks (CBs) with respect to screening time, quality of staining, cellularity, smear background, nuclear and cytoplasmic morphology preservation, and diagnostic efficacy.

Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Vulva in an Adolescent Girl.

Extraskeletal primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) is rare and that affecting the female genital tract is extremely rare. We report the case of a 17-year-old girl who presented with swelling of the clitorus. She underwent excision and histopathology was PNET.

Fine needle aspiration cytology of thyroid lesions and its correlation with histopathology in a series of 248 patients.

Thyroid swellings are a significant clinical problem in the general population but majority of them are nonneoplastic and do not require surgery. The initial screening procedures include ultrasonography, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and radionucleotide scan. An initial screening test which will diagnose thyroid lesions accurately will help to avoid surgery in nonneoplastic conditions.

Solitary plasmacytoma of the metacarpal bone in an adolescent.

Solitary plasmacytoma of the bone (SPB) is a plasma cell neoplasm that usually presents as a lytic lesion mainly localized within the axial skeleton. The occurrence of SPB in young individuals is exceedingly rare, but has been sporadically reported before. We report a case of SPB involving metacarpal bone in a 16-year-old male with a prior history of trauma at the same site.

Malignant melanoma of breast: a unique case with diagnostic dilemmas.

Melanomas arising in the skin, mucous membranes, and eye are encountered commonly than melanomas involving the breast. Melanomas in the breast are usually metastatic. Primary melanoma of the breast is extremely rare.

Primary systemic amyloidosis of tongue with chondroid metaplasia.

Amyloid is a pathologic proteinaceous substance deposited between cells in various tissues in a variety of clinical conditions. We report a case of amyloidosis of tongue with extensive chondroid metaplasia diagnosed on incisional biopsy in a multiple myeloma patient, who underwent autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplant for the same in 2010 and now presented with disease relapse after 2 years.

Novel mutations and expression alterations in SMAD3/TGFBR2 genes in oral carcinoma correlate with poor prognosis.

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling is a pleiotropic cytokine signaling pathway, which controls cellular activities ranging from embryogenesis to apoptosis. Although many molecular alterations in this pathway have been described in cancers, the central point of concern, that is how these alterations influence the treatment outcome, has been addressed to a lesser extent. In this study, we have characterized the alterations of TGF-β-SMAD signaling in 97 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) samples and assessed the association between these alterations and the outcome of the treatment.

A Radiological Review of Ewing's Sarcoma of Mandible: A Case Report with One Year Follow-up.

Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is an uncommon round cell tumor with an aggressive course affecting mainly children and young adults. Only 1% of cases is reported with jaw involvement and have mandibular predilection. Radiographic finding in ES reflect many destructive nature of the lesion, like osteolysis, cortical erosion, periostitis and soft tissue mass.