SGLT2 inhibitor/DPP-4 inhibitor combination therapy - complementary mechanisms of action for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a progressive disease with multiple underlying pathophysiologic defects. Monotherapy alone cannot maintain glycemic control and leads to treatment failure. Ideally, a combination of glucose-lowering agents should have complementary mechanisms of action that address multiple pathophysiologic pathways, can be used at all stages of the disease, and be generally well tolerated with no increased risk of hypoglycemia, cardiovascular events, or weight gain.

Evaluation and treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes mellitus.

Diabetic men have a more than 3-fold increased prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) compared with nondiabetic men. Erectile function is primarily a vascular phenomenon, triggered by neurologic controls and facilitated by appropriate hormonal and psychological components. Recent advances in the understanding of the physiology of penile vasculature and its role in male sexual performance have influenced the clinical approach to ED.

Estrogen replacement increased the citrate and calcium excretion rates in postmenopausal women with recurrent urolithiasis.

Purpose: Epidemiological data indicate a sharp increase in urinary calcium stone formation after menopause. We investigated the role of menopausal estrogen replacement therapy on the urinary constituents and characteristics that may influence recurrent calcium oxalate stone disease.

Materials And Methods: Urinary constituents in 28 postmenopausal women on estrogen replacement therapy for more than 6 months were compared with those in 41 women who had never been exposed to estrogen after menopause.